Biology and Physics Quiz: Light and Cells

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Questions and Answers

What type of reflection occurs when light hits a smooth surface?

Specular reflection

What is the term for the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another?

Refraction

A light ray travels from air to water. Will the light bend towards or away from the normal?

Towards the normal

If an object is 10 cm away from the center of a lens, and the image is 20cm away, what is the magnification?

<p>-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two organelles are directly involved in producing and transporting proteins?

<p>Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the thin lens equation, what does a positive image distance indicate?

<p>A real image</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of image does a convex mirror typically produce?

<p>Real</p> Signup and view all the answers

State one of the tenets of the Cell Theory.

<p>All cells come from pre-existing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the liver in the digestive system?

<p>The primary function of the liver is to regulate chemicals and blood, and it also excretes bile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the pathway of air from the mouth to the alveoli.

<p>Air enters through the mouth and nose, passes through the pharynx, goes down the trachea, which then branches into bronchi and bronchioles, eventually reaching the alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body accomplish mechanical digestion?

<p>Mechanical digestion is accomplished by manually breaking down food through actions like chewing with teeth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the diaphragm play in the process of breathing?

<p>The diaphragm contracts during inhalation to allow the chest to expand and relaxes during exhalation to help the chest contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between skeletal muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue.

<p>Skeletal muscle tissue is voluntary and allows for movement, while cardiac muscle tissue is involuntary and is found in the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ligaments in the musculoskeletal system?

<p>Ligaments function to connect bone to bone, providing stability to joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the nervous system is responsible for relaying information between the brain and body?

<p>The peripheral nervous system is responsible for relaying information between the central nervous system and the body's functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the gas exchange process that occurs in the alveoli.

<p>In the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through the thin walls of the alveoli and surrounding capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vacuole in plant cells?

<p>The vacuole acts as a storage for water, waste, and other materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the nucleus in a cell.

<p>The nucleus controls all activities within the cell, including the duplication of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main stages of mitosis, in order?

<p>The main stages of mitosis are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, followed by Cytokinesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of arteries in the circulatory system?

<p>Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and this blood is typically high in nutrients and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one main function of the digestive system.

<p>The digestive system takes in food, breaks it down, absorbs nutrients, and excretes waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protective structure is found only in plant cells, and what is its composition?

<p>The cell wall provides protection and structural support, and it is made of cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of chloroplasts in plant cells.

<p>Chloroplasts absorb light energy for photosynthesis and contain chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the hierarchy of structure in biological organization from a single cell to an organism.

<p>The hierarchy of structure is: Individual Cell → Tissues → Organ → Organ System → Organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a molecular compound from an ionic compound?

<p>A molecular compound consists of two or more non-metals sharing electrons, while an ionic compound is formed between a metal and a non-metal that transfer electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you name a binary ionic compound?

<p>The metal is written first with its name unchanged, followed by the non-metal whose name ends in '-IDE'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary characteristics of alkali metals?

<p>Alkali metals are highly reactive, electrically conductive, and possess properties such as luster, ductility, and malleability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a polyatomic ion.

<p>A polyatomic ion consists of a stable group of several atoms that function together as a single charged particle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do valence electrons play in chemical bonding?

<p>Valence electrons, located in the outermost orbital shell, are involved in the bonding processes, determining how atoms interact with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes multivalent metals from other metals?

<p>Multivalent metals can form more than one type of ion with varying charges, such as copper which can exist as Cu+ or Cu²⁺.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during ionic bonding?

<p>Ionic bonding occurs when a metal atom gives one or more of its electrons to a non-metal atom, resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the general structure of an atom.

<p>An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by orbital shells that contain electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of muscle tissue, and where is each type primarily found?

<p>Skeletal muscle is voluntary and found attached to bones, smooth muscle is involuntary and found in the intestines, and cardiac muscle is involuntary and located in the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the skeleton in the human body.

<p>The skeleton provides structure and support, protects soft organs, stores minerals, and houses bone marrow for blood cell production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes tendons from ligaments?

<p>Tendons connect muscle to bone, while ligaments connect bone to bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of gas exchange in the respiratory system.

<p>Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen is absorbed into the blood and carbon dioxide is released from the blood by diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the respiratory and circulatory systems connected during the process of breathing?

<p>The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs, where it diffuses into the blood in the capillaries, while carbon dioxide diffuses out to be exhaled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the diaphragm during breathing?

<p>The diaphragm contracts to decrease the volume of the lungs, facilitating inhalation and helping air enter the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the heart within the circulatory system?

<p>The heart acts as a muscular pump that moves blood throughout the body to supply organs with nutrients and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the pathway air takes as it travels through the respiratory system.

<p>Air enters through the mouth and nose, passes the pharynx, travels down the trachea, branches into bronchi, and finally reaches the alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main types of tissue found in the human body?

<p>Cardiac, nerve, connective, and epithelial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the primary function of red blood cells.

<p>Red blood cells transport oxygen throughout the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do platelets play in the body?

<p>Platelets assist in the formation of blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of how the esophagus contributes to digestion.

<p>The esophagus is a muscular tube that contracts to move food from the mouth to the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

<p>The small intestine is where the absorption of nutrients takes place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of blocked coronary arteries?

<p>Blocked coronary arteries can lead to a heart attack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates embryonic stem cells from tissue stem cells?

<p>Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell, while tissue stem cells can only differentiate into certain types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the liver in the digestive system?

<p>The liver produces bile, which aids in digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Refraction

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, caused by a change in the speed of light.

Index of Refraction

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium.

Snell's Law

A law that describes the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction of light as it passes from one medium to another.

Converging Lens

A lens that converges light rays to a focal point.

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Diverging Lens

A lens that diverges light rays away from a focal point.

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Concave Mirror

A mirror that curves inward, reflecting light rays to a focal point.

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Convex Mirror

A mirror that curves outward, reflecting light rays away from a focal point.

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Thin Lens Equation

A mathematical equation that relates the object distance, image distance, and focal length of a lens.

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What is the Nucleus?

The control center of the cell that contains DNA and directs all cellular activities

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What is the Cell Membrane?

A thin outer layer that protects the cell, gives it shape, and controls what enters and exits

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What is the Cytoplasm?

The jelly-like substance that fills the cell and where most cellular processes occur

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What is the Cell Wall?

A rigid outer layer that provides structural support and protection, found only in plant cells

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What are Chloroplasts?

Organelles found only in plant cells that absorb light energy for photosynthesis

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What is Interphase?

The stage in the cell cycle where the cell duplicates its DNA and prepares for division

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What is Mitosis?

The process by which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells

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What is the Circulatory System?

The system that transports substances throughout the body, fights infections, and helps regulate temperature

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Chemical Digestion

Breaks down food using enzymes and saliva.

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Respiratory System Function

The process of adding oxygen to blood and removing carbon dioxide from blood.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Breathing

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

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Tendon

Connects bone to muscle.

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Ligament

Connects bone to bone.

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Brain

The control center of the body, receives information from the peripheral nervous system and sends instructions back.

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Peripheral Nervous System

Relays information about the internal and external environment to the brain and relays instructions from the brain to control body functions.

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Chemical Family

Elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table that share similar chemical properties due to having the same number of valence electrons.

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Valence Shell

The outermost electron shell of an atom, containing electrons that participate in chemical bonding.

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Cation

A positively charged atom resulting from the loss of one or more electrons.

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Anion

A negatively charged atom resulting from the gain of one or more electrons.

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Ionic Bonding

A chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, typically formed between a metal and a non-metal.

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Covalent Bonding

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two non-metal atoms.

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Polyatomic Ion

A group of atoms that acts as a single charged unit in a chemical compound.

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Molecular Compound

A chemical compound formed by the combination of two or more non-metal atoms through covalent bonds.

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Smooth Muscle

A type of muscle found in the intestines, responsible for involuntary movements like digestion.

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Diffusion

The process by which gases, like oxygen and carbon dioxide, move from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

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Diaphragm

The primary muscle of breathing, located below the lungs. It contracts to expand the chest cavity for inhalation and relaxes to exhale.

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Heart

The muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients and removing waste.

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Circulatory System

The system that transports blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients and carrying away waste.

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How many chambers does the heart have?

The heart has four chambers: the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.

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What is plasma?

The protein-rich liquid that carries blood cells, mainly composed of water.

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What is the function of red blood cells?

Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. They contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color.

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What is the difference between arteries and veins?

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart.

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What is the digestive system?

The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. It consists of the digestive tract and accessory organs.

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What is the role of the small intestine?

The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive tract, where most of the absorption of nutrients occurs.

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What is diabetes?

Diabetes is a condition where the pancreas produces little to no insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.

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What are stem cells?

Stem cells are cells that have the ability to differentiate into many different types of cells. Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell, while tissue stem cells can only differentiate into specific cell types.

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Study Notes

Optics

  • Light is produced via various methods, including incandescence (high heat), electric discharge, phosphorescence (UV light absorption with delayed emission), fluorescence (immediate UV light emission), chemiluminescence (chemical reactions), and bioluminescence (living organisms).
  • Triboluminescence is light produced by friction, scratching, or crushing crystals.
  • Shorter wavelengths correlate to higher energy photons.

Concave Mirrors

  • Focal Point (F): Located between the center of curvature (C) and the mirror's surface.
  • Object past C: Image is real, inverted, smaller than object.
  • Object between C and F: Image is real, inverted, larger than object.
  • Object at F: No real image forms.
  • Object inside F: Image is virtual, upright, larger than object.

Convex Mirrors

  • Focal Point (F): Located behind the mirror's surface.
  • Object anywhere in front of the mirror: Image is virtual, upright, and smaller than the object.

Converging Lenses

  • Object past 2F: Image is real, inverted, and smaller than the object.
  • Object at 2F: Image is real, inverted, and the same size as the object.
  • Object between 2F and F: Image is real, inverted, and larger than the object.
  • Object at F: No real image forms.
  • Object inside F: Image is virtual, upright, and larger than the object.

Diverging Lenses

  • Object anywhere in front of the mirror: Image is virtual, upright, and smaller than the object.

Snell's Law

  • Snell's Law describes the relationship between the angle of incidence and refraction of light when passing through a boundary between two different mediums.

Thin Lens Equation

  • 1/do + 1/di = 1/f
    • do = object distance
    • di = image distance
    • f = focal length

Magnification Equation

  • m = -di/do = hi/ho
    • m = magnification
    • hi = image height
    • ho = object height

Total Internal Reflection

  • The complete reflection of light within a denser medium
    • When light passes from a denser to a less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, the light will be totally reflected.

Biology

Cell Theory

  • All living things are composed of one or more cells
  • Cells are the basic unit of life.
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Organelles

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: transports materials throughout the cell
  • Ribosomes: make protein
  • Vacuoles: storage (plant cells have one large one, animal cells have many small ones)
  • Nucleus: controls activities
  • Cell Membrane: protective covering
  • Cytoplasm: where chemical reactions occur
  • Cell Wall: support and protection in plant cells (absent in animal cells)
  • Chloroplasts: sites of photosynthesis (in plant cells)

Cell Cycle

  • Interphase: cell replicates its DNA
  • Mitosis: replication of the chromosomes
  • Prophase: chromosomes condense
  • Metaphase: chromosomes line up
  • Anaphase: chromosomes move to opposite poles
  • Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms
  • Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm to form two separate cells.

Hierarchy of structure

  • Cell-Tissues-Organs-Organ Systems-Organisms

Circulatory System

  • Function: Transports substances, fights infections, regulates body temperature
  • Organs: Heart, blood, blood vessels
  • Types of tissue: Cardiac muscle, nerve, connective, epithelial

Digestive System

  • Function: Takes in, breaks down, absorbs food
  • Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
  • Processes: Mechanical and chemical digestion

Respiratory System

  • Function: Adds oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from blood.
  • Organs: Nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
  • Processes: Gas exchange, breathing

Nervous System

  • Function: Senses the environment; coordinates responses
  • Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
  • Tissues: Nervous tissue (neurons)

Musculoskeletal System

  • Structure: Bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons
  • Functions: Support, protection, movement

Chemistry

  • Physical properties: observed without changing composition (color, odor, taste, melting point, boiling point etc.)
  • Chemical properties: observed by changing composition (flammability, reactivity with acids, etc.)
  • Properties of Acids: Sour taste, turns blue litmus red, reacts with bases to form water + salt.
  • Properties of Bases: Bitter taste, turns red litmus blue, feels soapy, reacts with acids to form water + salt.

Types of Reactions

  • Synthesis: A + B → AB
  • Decomposition: AB → A + B
  • Single Replacement: A + BC → AC + B
  • Double Replacement: AB + CD → AD + CB
  • Combustion: CxHy + O2 → CO2 + H2O

Cell Division

  • Asexual Reproduction (Binary Fission): Single parent cell produces identical offspring.
  • Sexual Reproduction: Two parent cells combine genetic material to produce a unique offspring.
  • Cell Cycle: Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
  • Interphase: DNA duplicates
  • Mitosis: Nucleus divides
  • Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells.

Cancer

  • Disordered cell growth
  • uncontrolled cell division
  • mutation in the DNA resulting in failure of checkpoints.
  • Types: benign and malignant
  • Treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

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