Biology and Physics Fundamentals

Cell Theory: All living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Evolution: The process by which species change over time through natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow.
Ecological Hierarchy: Biosphere > Ecosystem > Community > Population > Organism > Organ system > Tissue > Cell

Laws of Motion: Newton's three laws describe how objects move and respond to forces.
1. Inertia: an object at rest remains at rest, an object in motion remains in motion.
2. Acceleration: force is equal to the mass of an object multiplied by its acceleration.
3. Action and Reaction: every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Energy Types: Kinetic (motion), Potential (stored), Thermal (heat), Electrical, Chemical, Nuclear

Binary System: uses 0s and 1s to represent information in computers.
Algorithms: step-by-step procedures for solving problems or performing tasks.
Internet: a global network of interconnected computers and servers that communicate using standardized protocols.

Materials Science: the study of the properties and applications of various materials, such as metals, ceramics, and polymers.
Robotics: the design, construction, and operation of robots, which are machines that can perform tasks autonomously or with human guidance.

Mesopotamia: region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, home to the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians.
Ancient Egypt: civilization that thrived along the Nile River, known for pyramids, mummies, and pharaohs.
Ancient Greece: city-states such as Athens and Sparta, birthplace of democracy, philosophy, and theater.

Industrial Revolution: transition from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing in the 18th and 19th centuries.
World Wars: global conflicts in the 20th century, involving major powers and resulting in significant loss of life and political changes.
Cold War: period of political tension and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union from the 1940s to the 1990s.

Cell Theory: composed of cells, basic units of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells, providing a fundamental understanding of life.
Evolution: process by which species change over time, driven by natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow, shaping the diversity of life.
Ecological Hierarchy: biosphere encompasses ecosystems, which comprise communities, populations, organisms, organ systems, tissues, and cells, demonstrating the interconnectedness of life.

Laws of Motion: Newton's three laws describe motion and force interactions, including inertia (objects maintain state), acceleration (force equals mass times acceleration), and action and reaction (equal and opposite forces).
Energy Types: kinetic (motion), potential (stored), thermal (heat), electrical, chemical, and nuclear forms of energy, each with unique characteristics and applications.

Binary System: uses 0s and 1s to represent information in computers, enabling digital communication and processing.
Algorithms: step-by-step procedures for solving problems or performing tasks, essential for efficient computing and automation.
Internet: global network of interconnected computers and servers, communicating through standardized protocols, facilitating information exchange and global connectivity.

Materials Science: study of properties and applications of materials like metals, ceramics, and polymers, driving innovation in various fields.
Robotics: design, construction, and operation of autonomous or guided machines, revolutionizing industries and transforming human life.

Mesopotamia: region between Tigris and Euphrates rivers, cradle of Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, witnessing the rise of writing, cities, and empires.
Ancient Egypt: civilization thriving along the Nile River, renowned for pyramids, mummies, and pharaohs, leaving an indelible mark on human history.
Ancient Greece: city-states like Athens and Sparta, giving birth to democracy, philosophy, and theater, shaping Western cultural heritage.

Industrial Revolution: transition from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing (18th-19th centuries), transforming the global economy and society.
World Wars: global conflicts in the 20th century, involving major powers, resulting in significant loss of life and political changes, redefining global power dynamics.
Cold War: period of political tension and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union (1940s-1990s), marking a critical era in international relations.