Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary defense mechanism employed by wood ants (Formica rufa) against predators?
What is the primary defense mechanism employed by wood ants (Formica rufa) against predators?
- Releasing a cloud of pheromones to confuse predators.
- Camouflaging themselves with surrounding vegetation.
- Using their mandibles to bite and inflict pain.
- Shooting volleys of formic acid from their abdomens. (correct)
Which of these correctly describes the composition of formic acid?
Which of these correctly describes the composition of formic acid?
- It consists of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- It consists of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms.
- It consists of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen atoms.
- It consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. (correct)
What determines the identity of an atom?
What determines the identity of an atom?
- The number of neutrons.
- The number of bonds it can form.
- The number of protons. (correct)
- The number of electrons.
How many bonds can an oxygen atom typically form?
How many bonds can an oxygen atom typically form?
What determines a compound's properties?
What determines a compound's properties?
What causes formic acid to act as an acid, in the context of the text?
What causes formic acid to act as an acid, in the context of the text?
What role does electron distribution play in the behavior of an atom?
What role does electron distribution play in the behavior of an atom?
Why are chemical bonds considered so important?
Why are chemical bonds considered so important?
What is the primary mechanism that drives evolutionary change according to the text?
What is the primary mechanism that drives evolutionary change according to the text?
Which of the following best describes the process of natural selection?
Which of the following best describes the process of natural selection?
What is the relationship between populations and evolution?
What is the relationship between populations and evolution?
What is the chemical formula for formic acid, as used by wood ants?
What is the chemical formula for formic acid, as used by wood ants?
What property of an atom’s structure determines its identity?
What property of an atom’s structure determines its identity?
Which of the following lists the components of life in order from least to most complex?
Which of the following lists the components of life in order from least to most complex?
Which of the following best describes the role of electron distribution in chemical bonding?
Which of the following best describes the role of electron distribution in chemical bonding?
What happens when formic acid is formed?
What happens when formic acid is formed?
In an ecosystem, how does energy typically flow, and how do chemicals move?
In an ecosystem, how does energy typically flow, and how do chemicals move?
What is the correct order of biological organization, from least to most complex?
What is the correct order of biological organization, from least to most complex?
According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, what is the most accurate way to describe evolution?
According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, what is the most accurate way to describe evolution?
Which statement accurately reflects the hierarchical organization of biological systems?
Which statement accurately reflects the hierarchical organization of biological systems?
Which of the following is a correct representation of the relationship between cells, molecules, and atoms?
Which of the following is a correct representation of the relationship between cells, molecules, and atoms?
What is the relationship between complexity and properties in biological systems?
What is the relationship between complexity and properties in biological systems?
What defines the difference in the movement of energy and chemicals through ecosystems?
What defines the difference in the movement of energy and chemicals through ecosystems?
What information can be determined about an atom using its electron distribution?
What information can be determined about an atom using its electron distribution?
Which statement accurately reflects the process of evolution by natural selection, according to Darwin?
Which statement accurately reflects the process of evolution by natural selection, according to Darwin?
What characteristic of protons dictates an atom's identity, differentiating, for instance, oxygen from carbon?
What characteristic of protons dictates an atom's identity, differentiating, for instance, oxygen from carbon?
How does the complexity of biological structures change from atoms to organs?
How does the complexity of biological structures change from atoms to organs?
What are compounds made of?
What are compounds made of?
How do chemicals cycle within an ecosystem?
How do chemicals cycle within an ecosystem?
What is the relationship between an atom’s electron distribution and its bonding capability?
What is the relationship between an atom’s electron distribution and its bonding capability?
What is the role of the environment in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?
What is the role of the environment in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?
New properties emerge at each level of biological organization. How can this be best described?
New properties emerge at each level of biological organization. How can this be best described?
Why is the formation of formic acid considered a chemical reaction?
Why is the formation of formic acid considered a chemical reaction?
Which of these is the correct flow of energy through an ecosystem?
Which of these is the correct flow of energy through an ecosystem?
If individuals do not evolve, what is the thing that evolves according to Darwin?
If individuals do not evolve, what is the thing that evolves according to Darwin?
What relationship exists between molecules and cells?
What relationship exists between molecules and cells?
How should the continuous use and recycling of chemicals in an ecosystem be best described?
How should the continuous use and recycling of chemicals in an ecosystem be best described?
What is required in the theory of evolution by natural selection for adaptation to occur?
What is required in the theory of evolution by natural selection for adaptation to occur?
What is the primary difference between isotopes of the same element?
What is the primary difference between isotopes of the same element?
If an element has an atomic number of 15, how many protons does an electrically neutral atom of that element have?
If an element has an atomic number of 15, how many protons does an electrically neutral atom of that element have?
Given the notation $ ^{23}_{11}Na $, how many neutrons are present in this sodium atom?
Given the notation $ ^{23}_{11}Na $, how many neutrons are present in this sodium atom?
Which subatomic particle primarily determines the chemical behavior of an atom?
Which subatomic particle primarily determines the chemical behavior of an atom?
What is the unit used to measure the mass of atoms and subatomic particles?
What is the unit used to measure the mass of atoms and subatomic particles?
If the mass number of an atom is 31, and its atomic number is 15, how many neutrons does the atom have?
If the mass number of an atom is 31, and its atomic number is 15, how many neutrons does the atom have?
What is the charge of a neutron?
What is the charge of a neutron?
Where are protons and neutrons located within an atom?
Where are protons and neutrons located within an atom?
Which of the following best describes the relative mass of an electron compared to a proton or neutron?
Which of the following best describes the relative mass of an electron compared to a proton or neutron?
Given the isotope notation $^{14}_6C$, how many protons are in the nucleus of this carbon atom?
Given the isotope notation $^{14}_6C$, how many protons are in the nucleus of this carbon atom?
Which particles are responsible for an atom's mass, assuming the mass of electrons is negligible?
Which particles are responsible for an atom's mass, assuming the mass of electrons is negligible?
What does the atomic number of an element represent?
What does the atomic number of an element represent?
If an element has an atomic mass of approximately 32 daltons, and it has 16 protons, given the neutrons have a mass of approximately 1 dalton, how many neutrons does it have?
If an element has an atomic mass of approximately 32 daltons, and it has 16 protons, given the neutrons have a mass of approximately 1 dalton, how many neutrons does it have?
What is the relationship between a cell and an organ?
What is the relationship between a cell and an organ?
Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle?
Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle?
Which statement accurately describes energy and chemical flow within ecosystems?
Which statement accurately describes energy and chemical flow within ecosystems?
What is the electrical charge of a typical atom in its natural state?
What is the electrical charge of a typical atom in its natural state?
According to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, what is the primary driver of evolutionary change?
According to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, what is the primary driver of evolutionary change?
What is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element?
What is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element?
What is a key feature associated with increasing complexity in living organisms?
What is a key feature associated with increasing complexity in living organisms?
Which statement best describes how natural selection affects a population?
Which statement best describes how natural selection affects a population?
Why is understanding the flow of energy important in ecological studies?
Why is understanding the flow of energy important in ecological studies?
What is considered a fundamental difference between how energy and chemicals are utilized in an ecosystem?
What is considered a fundamental difference between how energy and chemicals are utilized in an ecosystem?
According to Darwin, what happens if an environment changes?
According to Darwin, what happens if an environment changes?
Which concept is a foundational aspect of Darwin’s theory of natural selection?
Which concept is a foundational aspect of Darwin’s theory of natural selection?
What do we mean by 'emergent properties' in the context of biological organization?
What do we mean by 'emergent properties' in the context of biological organization?
How can we describe the flow of energy in an ecosystem?
How can we describe the flow of energy in an ecosystem?
Which statement best describes the relationship between an element and an atom?
Which statement best describes the relationship between an element and an atom?
What concept did Darwin use to explain why individuals within a population are variable?
What concept did Darwin use to explain why individuals within a population are variable?
What is a key assumption in Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
What is a key assumption in Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
What is the primary reason that radioactive isotopes like can be used for dating fossils?
What is the primary reason that radioactive isotopes like can be used for dating fossils?
If a fossil contains 1/8 of the original amount of , how many half-lives have passed?
If a fossil contains 1/8 of the original amount of , how many half-lives have passed?
What fraction of remains after two half-lives?
What fraction of remains after two half-lives?
According to the provided information, what is the half-life of $C^{14}$?
According to the provided information, what is the half-life of $C^{14}$?
If a sample contains 0.0625 (or $6.25 \times 10^{-2}$) of its original quantity of how many half-lives have occurred?
If a sample contains 0.0625 (or $6.25 \times 10^{-2}$) of its original quantity of how many half-lives have occurred?
Why can’t be used to date fossils that are millions of years old?
Why can’t be used to date fossils that are millions of years old?
An electron moves from the second energy level to the first. What happens to the atom's energy?
An electron moves from the second energy level to the first. What happens to the atom's energy?
What is the relationship between an electron's distance from the nucleus and its potential energy?
What is the relationship between an electron's distance from the nucleus and its potential energy?
If an electron moves further away from the atomic nucleus, what must occur?
If an electron moves further away from the atomic nucleus, what must occur?
What are the fixed potential energy levels at which electrons can exist called?
What are the fixed potential energy levels at which electrons can exist called?
Why cannot the nuclei of atoms interact during a normal chemical reaction?
Why cannot the nuclei of atoms interact during a normal chemical reaction?
According to the text which of these subatomic particles directly participate in the chemical reactions?
According to the text which of these subatomic particles directly participate in the chemical reactions?
Which of these can be used to describe energy?
Which of these can be used to describe energy?
What does potential energy of matter depend on?
What does potential energy of matter depend on?
Which of the these statements is supported by the text?
Which of the these statements is supported by the text?
What distinguishes stable isotopes from radioactive isotopes?
What distinguishes stable isotopes from radioactive isotopes?
What is the outcome when a radioactive isotope's nucleus decays, causing the number of protons to change?
What is the outcome when a radioactive isotope's nucleus decays, causing the number of protons to change?
How are radioactive isotopes used as tracers in biological research?
How are radioactive isotopes used as tracers in biological research?
What is the function of PET scans in the context of diagnosing diseases?
What is the function of PET scans in the context of diagnosing diseases?
What determines the severity of the damage caused by radiation from decaying isotopes?
What determines the severity of the damage caused by radiation from decaying isotopes?
What is a half-life in the context of radioactive decay?
What is a half-life in the context of radioactive decay?
Which of the following best describes radiometric dating?
Which of the following best describes radiometric dating?
How does the half-life of a radioactive isotope relate to its use in measuring time?
How does the half-life of a radioactive isotope relate to its use in measuring time?
What is true about the half-life of a radioactive isotope?
What is true about the half-life of a radioactive isotope?
What is the basis of the carbon-14 dating method?
What is the basis of the carbon-14 dating method?
Why does the amount of $C^{14}$ decrease in a fossil after an organism dies?
Why does the amount of $C^{14}$ decrease in a fossil after an organism dies?
In the context of fossil dating, what does the ‘parent’ isotope refer to?
In the context of fossil dating, what does the ‘parent’ isotope refer to?
What is the role of $C^{12}$ in carbon dating methods?
What is the role of $C^{12}$ in carbon dating methods?
What is the term for the isotope that a parent isotope decays into during radiometric dating?
What is the term for the isotope that a parent isotope decays into during radiometric dating?
How does the constant ratio of carbon isotopes in the atmosphere aid carbon dating?
How does the constant ratio of carbon isotopes in the atmosphere aid carbon dating?
An electron's potential energy is primarily determined by which property?
An electron's potential energy is primarily determined by which property?
When an electron absorbs energy, what is the typical result?
When an electron absorbs energy, what is the typical result?
What typically happens when an electron loses energy?
What typically happens when an electron loses energy?
The chemical behavior of an atom is primarily determined by:
The chemical behavior of an atom is primarily determined by:
Which of the following best describes the trend in electron shell filling?
Which of the following best describes the trend in electron shell filling?
According to the content, how many electrons are located in the first shell of a Helium atom?
According to the content, how many electrons are located in the first shell of a Helium atom?
What does the number of electron shells in an atom's electron distribution correspond to?
What does the number of electron shells in an atom's electron distribution correspond to?
Based on the described process of adding electrons (and associated protons) for each element, what is the sequence of elements in each row of the table?
Based on the described process of adding electrons (and associated protons) for each element, what is the sequence of elements in each row of the table?
How many valence electrons are present in a Silicon (Si) atom, based on its electron distribution?
How many valence electrons are present in a Silicon (Si) atom, based on its electron distribution?
According to the figures in the text, how many electron shells does Sodium (Na) have?
According to the figures in the text, how many electron shells does Sodium (Na) have?
An atom has 2 electrons in its first shell and 5 in its second shell. What element is this likely to be?
An atom has 2 electrons in its first shell and 5 in its second shell. What element is this likely to be?
In the process of photosynthesis, what role does light energy play in relation to electron behavior?
In the process of photosynthesis, what role does light energy play in relation to electron behavior?
Which of the following represents the lowest available state of potential energy for an electron in an atom?
Which of the following represents the lowest available state of potential energy for an electron in an atom?
How many electrons are present in the second shell of a neutral Oxygen atom?
How many electrons are present in the second shell of a neutral Oxygen atom?
Which of the following best describes the shape of an atom and the accuracy of the concentric circle representation of electrons?
Which of the following best describes the shape of an atom and the accuracy of the concentric circle representation of electrons?
Which of the following elements has a completed valence shell?
Which of the following elements has a completed valence shell?
What determines the reactivity of an atom?
What determines the reactivity of an atom?
How many maximum electrons can occupy the first electron shell?
How many maximum electrons can occupy the first electron shell?
Which statements about the second electron shell is correct?
Which statements about the second electron shell is correct?
What property describes elements like helium, neon, and argon?
What property describes elements like helium, neon, and argon?
Which is the shape of the first electron shell orbital?
Which is the shape of the first electron shell orbital?
How many valence electrons does lithium possess?
How many valence electrons does lithium possess?
What type of interactions allow atoms to complete their valence shells?
What type of interactions allow atoms to complete their valence shells?
Which of the following orbitals does not belong to the second electron shell?
Which of the following orbitals does not belong to the second electron shell?
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a single orbital?
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a single orbital?
Which of these atoms is likely to be chemically reactive?
Which of these atoms is likely to be chemically reactive?
Which of the following pairs has similar chemical behavior?
Which of the following pairs has similar chemical behavior?
Which orbital shape is found in the second electron shell?
Which orbital shape is found in the second electron shell?
Atoms with the same number of __________ in their valence shells exhibit similar chemical behavior.
Atoms with the same number of __________ in their valence shells exhibit similar chemical behavior.
What is formed when oppositely charged ions bond together?
What is formed when oppositely charged ions bond together?
Which statement best describes the structure of an ionic compound?
Which statement best describes the structure of an ionic compound?
How do ionic bonds behave differently in dry salt and in water?
How do ionic bonds behave differently in dry salt and in water?
What is the primary reason ammonium chloride is different from simpler ionic salts?
What is the primary reason ammonium chloride is different from simpler ionic salts?
What is a characteristic feature of the formula for ionic compounds?
What is a characteristic feature of the formula for ionic compounds?
What happens to ionic bonds in salts when they are dissolved in water?
What happens to ionic bonds in salts when they are dissolved in water?
Why are many drugs manufactured as ionic compounds?
Why are many drugs manufactured as ionic compounds?
What effect does the environment have on ionic bonds in salts?
What effect does the environment have on ionic bonds in salts?
Which statement accurately describes chloride ions in the context of ionic bonding?
Which statement accurately describes chloride ions in the context of ionic bonding?
What is the implication of a crystal structure in ionic compounds?
What is the implication of a crystal structure in ionic compounds?
What type of bond is formed when two hydrogen atoms share one pair of electrons?
What type of bond is formed when two hydrogen atoms share one pair of electrons?
What is the bonding capacity of oxygen based on its need to complete its valence shell?
What is the bonding capacity of oxygen based on its need to complete its valence shell?
Which model represents the actual shape of a molecule most accurately?
Which model represents the actual shape of a molecule most accurately?
What type of bond is formed when two oxygen atoms share two pairs of electrons?
What type of bond is formed when two oxygen atoms share two pairs of electrons?
What indicates the structural formula of a hydrogen molecule (H2)?
What indicates the structural formula of a hydrogen molecule (H2)?
In a water molecule (H2O), how many single covalent bonds are formed?
In a water molecule (H2O), how many single covalent bonds are formed?
Which of the following describes the interaction in ionic bonds when in aqueous solutions?
Which of the following describes the interaction in ionic bonds when in aqueous solutions?
What is a defining characteristic of covalent bonds?
What is a defining characteristic of covalent bonds?
Which formula would correctly represent a methane molecule (CH4)?
Which formula would correctly represent a methane molecule (CH4)?
What visual representation shows the number of unbounded electrons in an atom in covalent bonding?
What visual representation shows the number of unbounded electrons in an atom in covalent bonding?
What term describes the specific arrangement of atoms in a covalent bond graphic representing hydrogen (H2)?
What term describes the specific arrangement of atoms in a covalent bond graphic representing hydrogen (H2)?
How many pairs of valence electrons do two hydrogen atoms share in a hydrogen molecule?
How many pairs of valence electrons do two hydrogen atoms share in a hydrogen molecule?
In which type of bond do atoms completely transfer electrons between each other?
In which type of bond do atoms completely transfer electrons between each other?
What is the relationship between the number of valence electrons and the number of covalent bonds an atom can typically form?
What is the relationship between the number of valence electrons and the number of covalent bonds an atom can typically form?
What describes the valence of hydrogen atoms?
What describes the valence of hydrogen atoms?
What type of bond forms when one atom completely strips an electron from another?
What type of bond forms when one atom completely strips an electron from another?
What would be the result of combining two elements with similar electronegativities?
What would be the result of combining two elements with similar electronegativities?
What is the primary characteristic of a polar covalent bond?
What is the primary characteristic of a polar covalent bond?
Which atom has the highest electronegativity in a water molecule?
Which atom has the highest electronegativity in a water molecule?
What best describes the outcome when sodium and chlorine react?
What best describes the outcome when sodium and chlorine react?
Two atoms connected by a double bond are often said to share:
Two atoms connected by a double bond are often said to share:
In a water molecule, what does the partial negative charge indicate?
In a water molecule, what does the partial negative charge indicate?
Which of these molecules is considered a pure element?
Which of these molecules is considered a pure element?
The transfer of an electron results in the formation of what type of ion?
The transfer of an electron results in the formation of what type of ion?
What type of molecule is methane?
What type of molecule is methane?
What is the primary factor that determines the polarity of a bond?
What is the primary factor that determines the polarity of a bond?
What effect does the unequal sharing of electrons have in a water molecule?
What effect does the unequal sharing of electrons have in a water molecule?
Flashcards
Element
Element
A pure substance made up of only one type of atom.
Compound
Compound
A substance made up of two or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio.
Atom
Atom
The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element.
Atomic Number
Atomic Number
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Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
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Chemical Bond
Chemical Bond
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Chemical Reaction
Chemical Reaction
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Electronegativity
Electronegativity
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Evolution
Evolution
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Evolutionary Change
Evolutionary Change
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection
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Adaptation
Adaptation
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Acid
Acid
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Electron
Electron
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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Neutron
Neutron
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Proton
Proton
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Chemical Property
Chemical Property
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Solubility
Solubility
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Chemical Stability
Chemical Stability
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Chemistry
Chemistry
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Mass Number
Mass Number
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Isotopes
Isotopes
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Molecule
Molecule
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What is an atom?
What is an atom?
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What is a molecule?
What is a molecule?
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What is a cell?
What is a cell?
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What is an organ?
What is an organ?
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Hierarchy of biological organization
Hierarchy of biological organization
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How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
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How do chemicals cycle through an ecosystem?
How do chemicals cycle through an ecosystem?
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What is evolution by natural selection?
What is evolution by natural selection?
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Can individuals evolve?
Can individuals evolve?
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What is the source of variation in populations?
What is the source of variation in populations?
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How does environmental change impact evolution?
How does environmental change impact evolution?
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What is adaptation?
What is adaptation?
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What are the key components of natural selection?
What are the key components of natural selection?
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What is the pace of evolution?
What is the pace of evolution?
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Why is evolution important?
Why is evolution important?
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Element Symbol
Element Symbol
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Subatomic Particles
Subatomic Particles
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Atomic Nucleus
Atomic Nucleus
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Electron Cloud Model
Electron Cloud Model
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Dalton (Da)
Dalton (Da)
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Atomic Mass
Atomic Mass
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Mass Defect
Mass Defect
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Most Abundant Isotope
Most Abundant Isotope
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Isotopic Abundance
Isotopic Abundance
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Half-life
Half-life
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Isotope Fraction
Isotope Fraction
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Radiocarbon Dating
Radiocarbon Dating
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Carbon-14
Carbon-14
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Time Before Present
Time Before Present
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Radioactive Isotope Decay Curve
Radioactive Isotope Decay Curve
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Energy
Energy
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Potential Energy
Potential Energy
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Electron Shells
Electron Shells
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Radioactive Decay
Radioactive Decay
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Radioactive Isotope
Radioactive Isotope
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Radioactive Tracer
Radioactive Tracer
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Radiometric Dating
Radiometric Dating
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Parent Isotope
Parent Isotope
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Daughter Isotope
Daughter Isotope
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Fossils
Fossils
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Fossil Record
Fossil Record
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Radiometric Dating
Radiometric Dating
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Neanderthals
Neanderthals
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Archaeology
Archaeology
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Electron Energy Level
Electron Energy Level
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Valence Shell
Valence Shell
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Valence Electrons
Valence Electrons
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Electron Transitions
Electron Transitions
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Electron Distribution
Electron Distribution
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Periodic Table
Periodic Table
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Ionization Energy
Ionization Energy
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Chemical Properties
Chemical Properties
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Ion
Ion
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Ionization
Ionization
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Anion
Anion
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Cation
Cation
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Octet Rule
Octet Rule
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Valence Electron Similarity
Valence Electron Similarity
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Electron Orbital
Electron Orbital
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First Electron Shell
First Electron Shell
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Second Electron Shell
Second Electron Shell
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s Orbital
s Orbital
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p Orbital
p Orbital
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Inert Atoms
Inert Atoms
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Chemical Bonding: Sharing or Transferring Electrons
Chemical Bonding: Sharing or Transferring Electrons
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Chemical Bond: Attraction Between Atoms
Chemical Bond: Attraction Between Atoms
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Molecule Formation
Molecule Formation
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Ionic Compound Formation
Ionic Compound Formation
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Reactivity and Unpaired Electrons
Reactivity and Unpaired Electrons
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Nonpolar Covalent Bond
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
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Polar Covalent Bond
Polar Covalent Bond
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Ionic Bond
Ionic Bond
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Methane
Methane
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Molecules vs. Compounds
Molecules vs. Compounds
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Electron Distribution Diagram
Electron Distribution Diagram
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Covalent Bond
Covalent Bond
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Diatomic Molecule
Diatomic Molecule
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Single Bond
Single Bond
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Double Bond
Double Bond
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Bonding Capacity
Bonding Capacity
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Structural Formula
Structural Formula
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Covalent Compound
Covalent Compound
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Ionic Compound
Ionic Compound
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Lewis Dot Structure
Lewis Dot Structure
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Space-Filling Model
Space-Filling Model
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Ionic Compound (Salt)
Ionic Compound (Salt)
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Ionic Lattice
Ionic Lattice
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Environment's effect on Ionic Bonds
Environment's effect on Ionic Bonds
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Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic Ions
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Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen Bond
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Ionic Bond in Water
Ionic Bond in Water
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Van Der Waals Interactions
Van Der Waals Interactions
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Study Notes
Wood Ant Defense Mechanism
- Wood ants (Formica rufa) use formic acid to defend against predators like birds.
- They spray formic acid from their abdomens when threatened from above.
Formic Acid Composition and Properties
- Formic acid (CH2O2) is a compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms bonded together.
- An atom's identity is determined by the number of protons. Oxygen has 8 protons.
- An atom's ability to form bonds depends on its electron distribution. Oxygen can form 2 bonds.
- Formic acid's properties depend on how its atoms are bonded.
- One oxygen in formic acid attracts hydrogen's electron, creating H+ and making it an acid, which stings.
Key Concepts
- Matter is made of elements and compounds.
- Element properties depend on atomic structure.
- Molecular and ionic compound formation depends on chemical bonding.
- Chemical reactions involve bond formation and breakage.
Study Tip (Table Structure)
- A table with properties and the elements C, H, O, and N is needed alongside atomic number, electrons, neutrons, mass number, electron distribution diagrams, and valence electrons.
Biological Organization Levels
- Biological organization levels, from least to most complex: atoms, molecules, cells, organs.
Energy and Chemical Flow in Ecosystems
- Energy flows through ecosystems in one direction (light to heat).
- Chemicals cycle within ecosystems.
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection
- Individuals with advantageous traits better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
- Populations evolve over generations, not individuals.
- Evolution is driven by unequal reproductive success in adaptation to environment.
Atomic Structure
- Atoms are the smallest units of matter retaining element properties.
- Atoms are composed of subatomic particles: neutrons, protons, and electrons.
- Protons and neutrons are tightly packed in the nucleus. Electrons form a cloud around the nucleus.
- Protons have positive charge, electrons have negative charge, and neutrons are neutral.
Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
- Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- Atomic mass is a weighted average of isotopes.
- Almost all of an atom’s mass comes from the nucleus.
Isotopes
- Isotopes are different forms of an element with varying numbers of neutrons.
- Isotopes have the same chemical behavior because they have the same number of protons.
- Some isotopes are stable, while others are radioactive (unstable).
- Radioactive isotopes are used in medicine for diagnosis and research.
- Radiometric dating uses radioactive decay to determine fossil ages. A parent isotope decays into a daughter isotope at a fixed rate (half-life).
Atomic Energy Levels and Electron Shells
- Electrons exist in fixed energy levels (shells) around the nucleus determined by their distance from the nucleus.
- Electron shell locations and potentials vary.
- Electrons gain or lose energy to move between different energy levels with fixed amounts of energy.
Electron Distribution and Chemical Properties
- Electron distribution in an atom’s shells and orbitals determines its chemical behavior.
Electron Orbitals
- Orbitals represent 3D space where an electron spends most of its time.
- An orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.
- Valence electrons in an atom's outermost shell determine its chemical behavior.
Covalent Bonds
- Covalent bonds are formed by sharing electron pairs between atoms. This completes outer electron shells of the atoms.
- Molecules are formed from two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds.
- Different elements form single bonds, double bonds or other types of bonds using shared or nonpolar electron pairs.
- Electronegativity relates to an atom's attraction for electrons in a covalent bond.
- Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally, while polar covalent bonds share them unequally, creating partial charges on the bonded atoms.
Ionic Bonds
- Ions are atoms with a net positive or negative charge. They form ionic compounds (salts) through electron transfer.
- Ionic compounds consist of tightly packed (lattice) ions of opposite charges. Bonds are stronger when dry.
- Water weakens ionic bonds.
Weak Chemical Interactions
- Weak interactions (like hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces) are important for biological molecules.
- Hydrogen bonds are weak interactions involving a hydrogen atom attracted to another atom (such as oxygen, nitrogen). Strong bonds occur when the atoms involve the transfer of electrons.
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