Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of a control group in an experiment?
Hydrolysis reactions involve the removal of water to form larger molecules.
False
List the three parts of a nucleotide.
Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated is called the ______ variable.
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Match each functional group with its correct property:
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Study Notes
Understanding the Scientific Method
- The scientific method is a systematic process used to develop and test scientific knowledge
- A hypothesis is an educated guess that can be tested and proven or disproven
- A control group is a group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or variable being tested
- Independent variables are factors that are intentionally changed or manipulated in an experiment
- Dependent variables are factors that are measured or observed in response to the independent variable
- Identifying and controlling variables is crucial in ensuring the validity of experimental results
Basic Chemistry and pH
- pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
- pH scale ranges from 0-14, with 7 being neutral, below 7 being acidic, and above 7 being basic
- Strong acids and bases completely dissociate in water, while weak acids and bases partially dissociate
- Buffers are solutions that resist changes in pH when an acid or base is added
Properties of Water
- Water is a polar molecule, with a slightly positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a slightly negative charge on the oxygen atom
- Water's polarity allows it to dissolve a wide variety of substances, including salts, sugars, and other solutes
- Water is essential for many biological processes, includingTemperature regulation, Photosynthesis, and Cellular metabolism
Functional Groups
- Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within a molecule that determine its chemical properties and reactions
- The 7 functional groups are: Hydroxyl (-OH), Carboxyl (-COOH), Amino (-NH2), Methyl (-CH3), Hydrogen (-H), Carbonyl (-CO-), and Phosphate (-PO42-)
- Each functional group has unique chemical properties and reacts differently with other molecules
Classes of Large Biological Molecules
- The 4 classes of large biological molecules are: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
- Carbohydrates: provide energy and structure, composed of monomers such as glucose and fructose, linked by glycosidic bonds
- Proteins: perform a wide range of functions, composed of monomers such as amino acids, linked by peptide bonds
- Lipids: provide energy and structure, composed of monomers such as fatty acids and glycerol, linked by ester bonds
- Nucleic Acids: store and transmit genetic information, composed of monomers such as nucleotides, linked by phosphodiester bonds
Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions
- Dehydration reactions involve the removal of water molecules, resulting in the formation of new bonds
- Hydrolysis reactions involve the addition of water molecules, resulting in the breakdown of existing bonds
- Both reactions are important in biological processes, such as cellular metabolism and protein synthesis
Amino Acids
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
- Nonpolar amino acids: Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, and Methionine
- Polar amino acids: Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, Glutamine, and Cysteine
- Acidic amino acids: Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid
- Basic amino acids: Arginine, Histidine, and Lysine
Nucleotides
- Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids
- A nucleotide consists of three components: a sugar molecule (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T, or U)
- Nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds to form a polynucleotide chain
Cell Structure and Function
- Organelles found in bacterial cells: Cell wall, Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, and Ribosomes
- Organelles found in plant cells: Cell wall, Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Chloroplasts, and Vacuoles
- Organelles found in animal cells: Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, and Cytoskeleton
- Cytoskeleton components: Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Intermediate filaments
- Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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Description
Test your understanding of the scientific method, basic chemistry, properties of water, functional groups, biological molecules, and chemical reactions. 40 questions to challenge your knowledge!