Biology and Chemistry Fundamentals Quiz

Study Notes

The scientific method is a systematic process used to develop and test scientific knowledge
A hypothesis is an educated guess that can be tested and proven or disproven
A control group is a group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or variable being tested
Independent variables are factors that are intentionally changed or manipulated in an experiment
Dependent variables are factors that are measured or observed in response to the independent variable
Identifying and controlling variables is crucial in ensuring the validity of experimental results

pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
pH scale ranges from 0-14, with 7 being neutral, below 7 being acidic, and above 7 being basic
Strong acids and bases completely dissociate in water, while weak acids and bases partially dissociate
Buffers are solutions that resist changes in pH when an acid or base is added

Water is a polar molecule, with a slightly positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a slightly negative charge on the oxygen atom
Water's polarity allows it to dissolve a wide variety of substances, including salts, sugars, and other solutes
Water is essential for many biological processes, includingTemperature regulation, Photosynthesis, and Cellular metabolism

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within a molecule that determine its chemical properties and reactions
The 7 functional groups are: Hydroxyl (-OH), Carboxyl (-COOH), Amino (-NH2), Methyl (-CH3), Hydrogen (-H), Carbonyl (-CO-), and Phosphate (-PO42-)
Each functional group has unique chemical properties and reacts differently with other molecules

The 4 classes of large biological molecules are: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates: provide energy and structure, composed of monomers such as glucose and fructose, linked by glycosidic bonds
Proteins: perform a wide range of functions, composed of monomers such as amino acids, linked by peptide bonds
Lipids: provide energy and structure, composed of monomers such as fatty acids and glycerol, linked by ester bonds
Nucleic Acids: store and transmit genetic information, composed of monomers such as nucleotides, linked by phosphodiester bonds

Dehydration reactions involve the removal of water molecules, resulting in the formation of new bonds
Hydrolysis reactions involve the addition of water molecules, resulting in the breakdown of existing bonds
Both reactions are important in biological processes, such as cellular metabolism and protein synthesis

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
Nonpolar amino acids: Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, and Methionine
Polar amino acids: Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, Glutamine, and Cysteine
Acidic amino acids: Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid
Basic amino acids: Arginine, Histidine, and Lysine

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids
A nucleotide consists of three components: a sugar molecule (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T, or U)
Nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds to form a polynucleotide chain

Organelles found in bacterial cells: Cell wall, Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, and Ribosomes
Organelles found in plant cells: Cell wall, Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Chloroplasts, and Vacuoles
Organelles found in animal cells: Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, and Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton components: Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Intermediate filaments
Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles