Biology 4 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What do some biologists mean when they say that a mushroom is much like an iceberg?

Typically, we see only the fruiting body of a mushroom. Like an iceberg, that visible part is only a small fraction of the total mushroom, because the mycelium is the largest component.

What is the difference between septate and nonseptate hyphae?

Septate hyphae have cell walls to septate the cells while non-septate hyphae do not.

What is the function of rhizoid hyphae, stolons, sporophores, and haustoria?

Rhizoid hyphae support and digest food for the fungus. Stolons asexually reproduce. Sporophores release spores. Haustoria invade host cells to absorb food.

Of the hyphae listed, which are aerial?

Stolons and sporophores are aerial. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a sporangiophore and a conidiophore?

A sporangiophore produces its spores in an enclosure; a conidiophore does not. Signup and view all the answers

Give the main characteristic associated with each of the phyla of kingdom Fungi.

Basidiomycota: Forms sexual spores on club-like basidia. Ascomycota: Forms sexual spores in sac-like asci. Zygomycota: Forms sexual spores where hyphae fuse. Chytridiomycota: Forms spores with flagella. Deuteromycota: No known method of sexual reproduction. Myxomycota: Fungi that look like protozoa for much of their lives. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the stages associated with the life cycle of a mushroom, starting with the formation of the mycelium.

A mushroom begins as a mycelium that grows from spores. It may encounter compatible mycelium and intertwine. The hyphae reproduce sexually, forming a complex web. They enclose in a membrane, reaching the button stage, then the stipe and cap break through. The fruiting body releases spores. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between shelf fungi, puffballs, and mushrooms?

Mushrooms form spores on basidia in the gills of the cap. Puffballs produce spores on basidia enclosed in a membrane. Shelf fungi produce spores on basidia in pores. Signup and view all the answers

What is an alternate host?

An alternate host is used by a parasitic fungus at some stage in its life, not the primary host where it spends most of its life. Signup and view all the answers

What type of fungus is best known for fermentation, and to which phylum does it belong?

Yeast are best known for fermentation and belong to phylum Ascomycota. Signup and view all the answers

How is budding different from asexual reproduction in bacteria?

In budding, the offspring stays attached to the parent until it has grown; in bacterial asexual reproduction, offspring grow independently. Signup and view all the answers

Name at least two pathogenic fungi and the maladies they cause.

Rusts - crop damage; Smuts - crop damage. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the three ways a bread mold can reproduce and specify whether the reproduction is sexual or asexual.

Bread mold can asexually reproduce when a stolon elongates to form another mycelium and when an aerial hypha forms a sporophore. It can sexually reproduce when two mycelia form a zygospore. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mushroom Structure and Comparison

Mushrooms consist mainly of mycelium, with the fruiting body representing only about 10% visible above ground.
Mycelium is the largest part of the mushroom, similar to the underwater portion of an iceberg.

Hyphal Characteristics

Septate hyphae contain cell walls to separate individual cells.
Nonseptate hyphae do not have these cell walls.

Specialized Hyphae Functions

Rhizoid hyphae provide support and digest nutrients.
Stolons are responsible for asexual reproduction.
Sporophores release spores for reproductive processes.
Haustoria invade host cells to absorb nutrients directly from the cytoplasm.

Aerial Hyphae

Stolons and sporophores are classified as aerial hyphae.

Spores and Conidiophores

Sporangiophores produce spores within an enclosure.
Conidiophores release spores freely without an enclosing structure.

Fungal Phyla Characteristics

Basidiomycota: sexual spores produced on club-like basidia.
Ascomycota: sexual spores formed in sac-like asci.
Zygomycota: sexual spores formed via the fusion of hyphae.
Chytridiomycota: produce spores with flagella.
Deuteromycota: fungi lacking identified sexual reproduction methods.
Myxomycota: fungi resembling protozoa during life cycle.

Mushroom Life Cycle Stages

Starts as mycelium from spores of another mushroom.
Compatible mycelia may intertwine, leading to sexual reproduction.
Newly formed hyphae create a complex web and enclose in a membrane, reaching the button stage.
Rapid water absorption causes stipe and cap to break through the membrane.
The fruiting body releases spores, which can grow into new mycelia in favorable environments.

Differentiation of Fungi Types

Mushrooms produce spores on basidia located in the gills of the cap.
Puffballs create spores within a membrane-enclosed structure.
Shelf fungi produce spores on basidia found in the pores of the fruiting body.

Alternate Hosts

An alternate host is a secondary host used by parasitic fungi during part of their life cycle; they do not primarily reside on this host.
Rust fungi are an example of fungi utilizing an alternate host.

Yeast and Fermentation

Yeast, belonging to the phylum Ascomycota, is well-known for its fermentation abilities.

Budding vs. Bacterial Reproduction

In budding, offspring remain attached to the parent until maturation, differing from bacterial reproduction where offspring develop independently.

Pathogenic Fungi

Rusts and smuts are examples of pathogenic fungi, primarily causing crop damage.

Bread Mold Reproduction Methods

Asexual reproduction occurs via stolons elongating to form new mycelium or the formation of sporophores from aerial hyphae.
Sexual reproduction takes place through the formation of a zygospore when two mycelia join.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in biology, focusing on mushrooms and their structures. It discusses the visible parts of mushrooms compared to icebergs and differentiates between septate and nonseptate hyphae. Perfect for biology students needing to clarify these essential ideas.