Questions and Answers
What category of classification is Escherichia?
genus
A branch point in a phylogenetic tree indicates a ____.
divergence or split
Many bacteria are saprophytic and involved in ____.
decomposition
Which kingdom has been replaced with two domains?
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The first part of a scientific name is the _____ name.
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Similarity due to shared ancestry is called ___.
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A taxon ________.
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Which of the following methods to establish phylogenetic relationships among organisms has been developed most recently?
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Which of the following is MOST closely related to bay live oaks?
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Which type of Drosophila probably changed the least over time?
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Members of which kingdom have cell walls and are all heterotrophic?
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_____________ - the process of grouping objects or information based on similarities.
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_____________ is the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships.
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Similarity due to convergent evolution is called ____.
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An approach to biological classification where the organisms are categorized based on shared characteristics is ______.
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The various taxonomic levels (namely, genera, classes, etc.) of the hierarchical classification system differ from each other on the basis of _____
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What is the focus of the branch of biology called taxonomy?
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Which of the following would most likely change the current classification of two closely related flower species to a single species?
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Which answer choice below lists the four kingdoms of life found within domain Eukarya?
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A diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships between organisms is called a ____.
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Which of these is most closely related to the oak weevil?
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If two taxa are next to each other on a phylogenetic tree it can be assumed that one evolved from the other.
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Which answer choice below shows the taxonomic groups in order starting with domain?
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Prokaryotes are divided into two domains: Bacteria and Archaea.
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What does a branch point in a phylogenetic tree represent?
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What is the smallest classification division that the red maple tree (Acer rubrum) and the sugar maple tree (Acer saccharum) have in common?
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Organisms that live in extreme environments like hot sulfur springs are placed in domain ____.
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Study Notes
Key Biological Concepts
- Genus: A taxonomic category grouping species based on shared characteristics, exemplified by Escherichia in Escherichia coli.
- Divergence or Split: A branch point in a phylogenetic tree indicates a divergence between two lineages.
- Decomposition: Many bacteria perform decomposition, the process of breaking down dead organic matter and waste.
- Monera: The kingdom Monera has been replaced; organisms previously classified here now reside in two domains, Bacteria and Archaea.
- Homology: Similarity resulting from shared ancestry, essential in understanding evolutionary relationships.
Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Relationships
- Taxon: A taxonomic unit that can be classified at any level within the hierarchical system.
- Phylogenetic Trees: Diagrams representing hypotheses about the evolutionary relationships among species.
- Cladistics: A method of classification that categorizes organisms based on shared derived characteristics.
- Analogy: Similarity due to convergent evolution, contrasting with homology.
Classification Systems
- Taxonomic Hierarchy: Ranks include Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
- Eukaryotic Kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista are the four kingdoms under the domain Eukarya.
- Systematics: The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships, often inferred through morphological and genetic comparisons.
Importance of Molecular Analysis
- Analyzing DNA sequences can significantly impact the classification and relationships among species.
- Current classifications may require revision based on genetic evidence rather than solely morphological characteristics.
Specific Organisms and Relationships
- Quercus falcata var. pagodaefolia (Ell.) is closely related to Quercus virginiana var. maritima (Mill) which represents the bay live oaks.
- Drosophila melanogaster is noted for having undergone the least evolutionary change over time among its relatives.
Additional Considerations
- Fungi: Organisms in this kingdom possess cell walls and are all heterotrophic.
- Prokaryotes: Divided into two domains: Bacteria and Archaea, with diverse environmental adaptations including extremophiles.
- Misinterpretations of Phylogenetic Trees: Proximity on a tree does not imply direct lineage or evolution from one taxon to another.
True/False Statements
- Prokaryotes are classified into two domains: True.
- Being adjacent on a phylogenetic tree indicates one taxa evolved from the other: False.
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Description
Prepare for your Biology 2 midterm with these flashcards that cover essential terms and definitions. Topics include classification, phylogenetic trees, and ecological roles of bacteria. Test your knowledge and reinforce your understanding of key biological concepts.
