Biology 130 Chapter 20 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are the different levels of the taxonomic classification system?

Genus, Phylum, Kingdom, Family, Order

Species, Order, Family, Class, Kingdom, Domain

Order, Class, Kingdom, Species, Domain

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (correct)

What is a basal taxon?

A branch on a phylogenetic tree that has not diverged significantly from the root ancestor.

Define binomial nomenclature.

A system of two-part scientific names for an organism, which includes genus and species names.

What is the class in the taxonomic classification system?

A division of phylum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the family in the taxonomic classification system?

A division of order. Signup and view all the answers

What is the genus in the taxonomic classification system?

A division of family; the first part of the binomial scientific name. Signup and view all the answers

What is the kingdom in the taxonomic classification system?

A division of domain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the order in the taxonomic classification system?

A division of class. Signup and view all the answers

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A diagram used to reflect the evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What does phylogeny refer to?

The evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the phylum in the taxonomic classification system?

A division of kingdom. Signup and view all the answers

What is a polytomy on a phylogenetic tree?

A branch with more than two groups or taxa. Signup and view all the answers

What does rooted mean in a phylogenetic tree?

A single ancestral lineage to which all organisms represented in the diagram relate. Signup and view all the answers

What are sister taxa?

Two lineages that diverged from the same branch point. Signup and view all the answers

What is systematics?

The field of organizing and classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What is a taxon?

A single level in the taxonomic classification system. Signup and view all the answers

What is taxonomy?

The science of classifying organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is an analogy in biology?

A characteristic that is similar between organisms by convergent evolution. Signup and view all the answers

What is cladistics?

A system used to organize homologous traits to describe phylogenies. Signup and view all the answers

What does maximum parsimony refer to?

Applying the simplest, most obvious way with the least number of steps. Signup and view all the answers

What is molecular systematics?

A technique using molecular evidence to identify phylogenetic relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What is a monophyletic group?

Organisms that share a single ancestor. Signup and view all the answers

What is a shared ancestral character?

A characteristic shared by all organisms on a phylogenetic tree. Signup and view all the answers

What is a shared derived character?

A characteristic shared only by a certain clade of organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Taxonomic Classification

The hierarchical system includes domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
Each level reflects a rank of organisms from broad to specific.

Phylogenetic Concepts

Basal Taxon: Remains close to the ancestral lineage on a phylogenetic tree, with minimal divergence.
Phylogenetic Tree: Illustrates evolutionary relationships among species or groups.
Phylogeny: Represents the evolutionary history and connections of an organism or group.

Taxonomic Divisions

Kingdom: A primary division within a domain.
Phylum: A subdivision within a kingdom.
Class: A category within a phylum.
Order: A division of a class.
Family: A category within an order.
Genus: Division of family, represents the first part of a binomial name.

Taxa and Classification

Taxon: Refers to a single level in the taxonomic hierarchy.
Monophyletic Group (Clade): Groups of organisms that share a common ancestor.
Sister Taxa: Two lineages originating from the same branching point.

Analytical Approaches

Systematics: Focuses on organizing and classifying organisms through evolutionary relationships.
Taxonomy: The broader science of classifying organisms.
Molecular Systematics: Utilizes molecular data to establish phylogenetic relationships.

Distinguishing Characters

Analogy (Homoplasy): Traits that appear similar in different species due to convergent evolution, not shared ancestry.
Shared Ancestral Character: Traits shared by all species in a phylogenetic tree.
Shared Derived Character: Traits unique to a specific clade.

Phylogenetic Analysis Techniques

Cladistics: Organizes organisms based on homologous traits to depict phylogenies.
Maximum Parsimony: Method that seeks the simplest explanation with the fewest evolutionary steps in tree construction.
Polytomy: A branch point on a phylogenetic tree with more than two descendant groups.

Key Terms and Definitions

Rooted: Represents a phylogenetic tree with a single ancestral lineage connected to all organisms depicted.
Branch Point: A divergence point where ancestor species split into different lineages.

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Test your knowledge of the taxonomic classification system with these flashcards for Biology 130 Chapter 20. Each card covers key terms and concepts including the different levels of classification and binomial nomenclature. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of biological classification.