Podcast
Questions and Answers
Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?
Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?
nucleus
The structural framework in a cell is the?
The structural framework in a cell is the?
cytoskeleton
Where in a cell is ATP made?
Where in a cell is ATP made?
mitochondria
What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?
What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?
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One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by?
One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by?
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Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?
Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?
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Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?
Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?
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Where are lipids made in the cell?
Where are lipids made in the cell?
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What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?
What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?
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In eukaryotic cells, the first step in protein synthesis is the ____.
In eukaryotic cells, the first step in protein synthesis is the ____.
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1 meter = _____ centimeters.
1 meter = _____ centimeters.
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Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?
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Choose the letter that indicates the organelle that contains most of a cell's DNA.
Choose the letter that indicates the organelle that contains most of a cell's DNA.
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Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration?
Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration?
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Which of these is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus?
Which of these is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus?
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The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.
The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.
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Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____.
Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____.
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_____ are the sites of protein synthesis.
_____ are the sites of protein synthesis.
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Which of these manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane?
Which of these manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane?
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The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell.
The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell.
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Where is calcium stored?
Where is calcium stored?
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Which of these structures stores, modifies, and packages products?
Which of these structures stores, modifies, and packages products?
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Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell?
Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell?
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_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.
_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.
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Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product?
Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product?
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Which of these provides the cell with structural support?
Which of these provides the cell with structural support?
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Smooth ER is?
Smooth ER is?
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What is the function of a ribosome?
What is the function of a ribosome?
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What mitochondrial feature enhances cellular respiration?
What mitochondrial feature enhances cellular respiration?
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Mitochondria appear in the greatest numbers in cells that are?
Mitochondria appear in the greatest numbers in cells that are?
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The endosymbiosis hypothesis is supported by the fact that mitochondria lack ribosomes like prokaryotes.
The endosymbiosis hypothesis is supported by the fact that mitochondria lack ribosomes like prokaryotes.
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The endosymbiosis hypothesis proposes that?
The endosymbiosis hypothesis proposes that?
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The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.
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__________ is the self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms; it is the main constituent of chromosomes and the carrier of genetic information.
__________ is the self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms; it is the main constituent of chromosomes and the carrier of genetic information.
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___________ is used in all steps of protein synthesis and carries the genetic information of many viruses.
___________ is used in all steps of protein synthesis and carries the genetic information of many viruses.
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The______________ is the most prominent membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells, and it houses most of a cell's DNA.
The______________ is the most prominent membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells, and it houses most of a cell's DNA.
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The_____________________is the two-layered membrane that encases the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
The_____________________is the two-layered membrane that encases the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
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A protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is called a ________________________
A protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is called a ________________________
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The round body that sits inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA is known as the _____________________
The round body that sits inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA is known as the _____________________
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_____________________________are tightly coiled bundles of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells.
_____________________________are tightly coiled bundles of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells.
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Chloroplast has what following statements to be true?
Chloroplast has what following statements to be true?
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Mitochondrion has which following statements to be true?
Mitochondrion has which following statements to be true?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- The nucleus stores the cell's genetic information.
- The cytoskeleton provides the structural framework for the cell.
- Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production, converting chemical fuel into usable energy.
- Plasma membranes serve as selective barriers, regulating material traffic into and out of the cell.
Protein Synthesis and Cellular Processes
- mRNA transports instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
- Ribosomes, located on rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are sites for protein synthesis, synthesizing proteins in conjunction with mRNA.
- The process of transcription involves using DNA as a template to create pre-mRNA.
- Translation is the process where mRNA is used to assemble proteins from amino acids.
Organelles of the Endomembrane System
- The smooth ER synthesizes lipids and stores calcium ions, while rough ER is covered in ribosomes and involved in protein production.
- The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and distributes cellular products, receiving vesicles from the ER.
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for breaking down worn-out organelles and micromolecules.
- Peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as a by-product of fat metabolism.
Cellular Components and Their Functions
- Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in the nucleus, tightly coiled into chromosomes during cell division.
- The nucleolus manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomal subunits.
- Microtubules are hollow rods that support and shape the cell.
- Tight junctions form barriers to material passage, while desmosomes bind animal cells together. Gap junctions allow for communication between adjacent cells.
Membrane Structure
- The plasma membrane is composed of phospholipid bilayer where hydrophilic heads face the aqueous environment.
- The nuclear envelope, a double membrane, surrounds the nucleus, with nuclear pores allowing transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Metabolic Activity and Cellular Respiration
- Mitochondria are abundant in metabolically active cells and have folded inner membranes called cristae that enhance cellular respiration.
- Chloroplasts, present in plant cells, carry out photosynthesis, converting solar energy to chemical energy and producing oxygen.
Genetic Material
- DNA is the self-replicating material that constitutes chromosomes and carries genetic information.
- RNA is utilized in all protein synthesis stages and carries genetic information in various viruses.
Specialized Cellular Structures
- Organelles like rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes are integral to the manufacturing, processing, transport, and secretion of proteins and other cellular materials.
- The endosymbiosis hypothesis suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from smaller cells living within larger cells, benefiting both.
Key Measurements
- One meter equals 100 centimeters, important for scientific measurements and conversions.
- A 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm cell has a surface area of 60,000 mm² and a volume of 1,000,000 mm³; dividing the volume into smaller cells increases total surface area.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts from Biology 1210 Chapter 4 with these interactive flashcards. Learn about the cell's genetic information storage, structural components, and ATP production. Perfect for mastering essential biology vocabulary.
