Biology 1210 Chapter 4 Flashcards
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Biology 1210 Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?

nucleus

The structural framework in a cell is the?

cytoskeleton

Where in a cell is ATP made?

mitochondria

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

<p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by?

<p>ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?

<p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?

<p>lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are lipids made in the cell?

<p>smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?

<p>plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotic cells, the first step in protein synthesis is the ____.

<p>transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

1 meter = _____ centimeters.

<p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?

<p>lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Choose the letter that indicates the organelle that contains most of a cell's DNA.

<p>A large membrane-enclosed organelle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration?

<p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus?

<p>Double membrane-bound organelle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.

<p>chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____.

<p>nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ are the sites of protein synthesis.

<p>ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane?

<p>rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell.

<p>plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is calcium stored?

<p>smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these structures stores, modifies, and packages products?

<p>A part of the endomembrane system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell?

<p>microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.

<p>basal bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product?

<p>peroxisome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these provides the cell with structural support?

<p>Thin long filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Smooth ER is?

<p>site of lipid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a ribosome?

<p>works with mRNA to synthesize proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mitochondrial feature enhances cellular respiration?

<p>cristae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria appear in the greatest numbers in cells that are?

<p>metabolically active</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endosymbiosis hypothesis is supported by the fact that mitochondria lack ribosomes like prokaryotes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endosymbiosis hypothesis proposes that?

<p>a small cell lived inside a larger cell to the benefit of both cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.

<p>microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ is the self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms; it is the main constituent of chromosomes and the carrier of genetic information.

<p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

___________ is used in all steps of protein synthesis and carries the genetic information of many viruses.

<p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

The______________ is the most prominent membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells, and it houses most of a cell's DNA.

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The_____________________is the two-layered membrane that encases the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

<p>nuclear envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

A protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is called a ________________________

<p>nuclear pore</p> Signup and view all the answers

The round body that sits inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA is known as the _____________________

<p>nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____________________________are tightly coiled bundles of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells.

<p>chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplast has what following statements to be true?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondrion has which following statements to be true?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

  • The nucleus stores the cell's genetic information.
  • The cytoskeleton provides the structural framework for the cell.
  • Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production, converting chemical fuel into usable energy.
  • Plasma membranes serve as selective barriers, regulating material traffic into and out of the cell.

Protein Synthesis and Cellular Processes

  • mRNA transports instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
  • Ribosomes, located on rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are sites for protein synthesis, synthesizing proteins in conjunction with mRNA.
  • The process of transcription involves using DNA as a template to create pre-mRNA.
  • Translation is the process where mRNA is used to assemble proteins from amino acids.

Organelles of the Endomembrane System

  • The smooth ER synthesizes lipids and stores calcium ions, while rough ER is covered in ribosomes and involved in protein production.
  • The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and distributes cellular products, receiving vesicles from the ER.
  • Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for breaking down worn-out organelles and micromolecules.
  • Peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as a by-product of fat metabolism.

Cellular Components and Their Functions

  • Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in the nucleus, tightly coiled into chromosomes during cell division.
  • The nucleolus manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomal subunits.
  • Microtubules are hollow rods that support and shape the cell.
  • Tight junctions form barriers to material passage, while desmosomes bind animal cells together. Gap junctions allow for communication between adjacent cells.

Membrane Structure

  • The plasma membrane is composed of phospholipid bilayer where hydrophilic heads face the aqueous environment.
  • The nuclear envelope, a double membrane, surrounds the nucleus, with nuclear pores allowing transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Metabolic Activity and Cellular Respiration

  • Mitochondria are abundant in metabolically active cells and have folded inner membranes called cristae that enhance cellular respiration.
  • Chloroplasts, present in plant cells, carry out photosynthesis, converting solar energy to chemical energy and producing oxygen.

Genetic Material

  • DNA is the self-replicating material that constitutes chromosomes and carries genetic information.
  • RNA is utilized in all protein synthesis stages and carries genetic information in various viruses.

Specialized Cellular Structures

  • Organelles like rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes are integral to the manufacturing, processing, transport, and secretion of proteins and other cellular materials.
  • The endosymbiosis hypothesis suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from smaller cells living within larger cells, benefiting both.

Key Measurements

  • One meter equals 100 centimeters, important for scientific measurements and conversions.
  • A 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm cell has a surface area of 60,000 mm² and a volume of 1,000,000 mm³; dividing the volume into smaller cells increases total surface area.

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Test your understanding of key concepts from Biology 1210 Chapter 4 with these interactive flashcards. Learn about the cell's genetic information storage, structural components, and ATP production. Perfect for mastering essential biology vocabulary.

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