Biology 110 Exam Questions

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Questions and Answers

Which protein is primarily responsible for controlling the progression of the cell cycle?

  • Creatine Kinase
  • Lactate Dehydrogenase
  • Cyclins (correct)
  • Keratin

What is the law that states the expression of one trait does not affect the expression of another trait?

  • Law of the Land
  • Law of Segregation
  • Law of Dominance
  • Law of Independent Assortment (correct)

What term refers to a variant of a gene that can result in an alternate phenotype?

  • Locus
  • Lock
  • Switch
  • Allele (correct)

Which term describes the collection of genes and alleles present in an organism?

<p>Genotype (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis results in the production of how many daughter cells?

<p>2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the observable traits of an organism?

<p>Phenotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In comparison to diploid fruits, polyploid fruits are generally ___?

<p>Larger (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation introduces a stop codon prematurely in a protein sequence?

<p>Nonsense (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sister chromatids are defined by which of the following characteristics?

<p>Exact same loci and alleles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation occurs when a single nucleotide is replaced by another?

<p>Point Mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis is the kinetochore that connects sister chromatids broken down?

<p>Anaphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During metaphase in mitosis, how many spindle fibers typically attach to each chromosome?

<p>2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario do both alleles for a trait exhibit full expression in a heterozygote?

<p>Codominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result when two different alleles in a heterozygote produce an intermediate phenotype?

<p>Incomplete Dominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you describe homologous chromosomes?

<p>Genetically similar, but not identical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mutation can potentially lead to a more drastic change in protein function, by causing the reading frame to shift?

<p>Frameshift Mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of a trait displayed by incomplete dominance?

<p>The resulting trait is a blend of both parent traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do centrosomes function during cell division?

<p>Organize the assembly of microtubules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes a gene that can result in variations like blood type A, B, AB, and O?

<p>Multiple Alleles Trait (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic inheritance is demonstrated by Peter's hemophilia and the fact that Gwen is a carrier?

<p>X-Linked Recessive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the possible way some animals reproduce?

<p>Some sexually and some asexually (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical location of a gene on a chromosome known as?

<p>Locus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?

<p>Anaphase 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What law explains that one allele can mask the phenotype of another?

<p>Law of Dominance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are produced by mitosis in humans?

<p>Diploid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a situation with three homologous chromosomes for one set?

<p>Triploidy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of mutagens does UV light fall into?

<p>Physical (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In mitosis, during which phase does chromosome condensation occur?

<p>Prophase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?

<p>4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a disease is caused by a gene on chromosome 12, which type is it considered?

<p>Autosomal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cyclins

Proteins that control the cell cycle progression.

Law of Independent Assortment

The state shown for one trait does not influence how another trait is expressed.

Allele

A variant of a gene that leads to different traits.

Genotype

The collection of genes/alleles within an organism (hidden traits).

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Mitosis daughter cells

Mitosis results in 2 daughter cells.

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Phenotype

The observable traits/characteristics of an organism.

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Polyploid fruits

Larger than diploid fruits.

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Nonsense Mutation

A mutation causing a premature stop codon.

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Sister chromatids

Chromatids with identical loci and alleles.

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Anaphase (Mitosis)

The stage where sister chromatids separate.

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Modes of Reproduction in Animals

Animals can reproduce sexually (involving the fusion of gametes) or asexually (without the fusion of gametes).

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Gene Location

The specific position of a gene on a chromosome is called the locus.

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Homologous Chromosome Separation

During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate from each other during anaphase I.

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Law of Dominance

This law describes how one allele (dominant) can mask the phenotype of another allele (recessive) on the same locus.

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Triploidy

A condition where a cell has three copies of each chromosome, instead of the usual two.

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Physical Mutagens

UV light is a physical mutagen that can damage DNA.

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Chromosome Condensation

In mitosis, chromosomes condense during prophase, making them visible under a microscope.

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Meiosis Outcome

Meiosis produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, which are haploid.

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Autosomal Disease

A disease caused by a gene on any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes (X or Y) is autosomal.

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Point Mutation

A type of mutation where a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence is replaced with another nucleotide.

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Frameshift Mutation

A mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotides in a DNA sequence, altering the reading frame and potentially changing the amino acid sequence.

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Spindle Fibers

Microtubules that attach to chromosomes during cell division, pulling them apart to the poles of the cell.

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Codominance

A pattern of inheritance where both alleles of a gene are expressed fully in a heterozygote, resulting in both traits being visible.

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Incomplete Dominance

A pattern of inheritance where the phenotype of a heterozygote is an intermediate between the phenotypes of the two alleles.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes that share the same genes, but with possibly different alleles, one inherited from each parent.

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Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

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Checkpoint Protein

Proteins that ensure the cell cycle progresses correctly by detecting errors and stopping the cycle if needed.

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Dominant Allele

An allele that masks the expression of another allele in a heterozygote.

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Recessive Allele

An allele that is not expressed in a heterozygote because it is masked by the dominant allele.

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Study Notes

Exam Questions - Biology 110

  • Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs): Exam comprises 32 MCQs, each worth 2 points.
  • Short Answer Questions (SAQs): 4 SAQs, each worth 4 points. Students can skip one.
  • Punnett Square Questions: 5 questions, each worth 4 points. Students can skip one.
  • Freebies: Students can skip either one of the SAQs or one of the Punnett Squares.

Multiple Choice Questions (Example)

  • Question 1: Which protein controls cell cycle progression?
    • Correct answer: Cyclins
  • Question 6: What are observable expressed traits?
    • Correct answer: Phenotype
  • Question 7: Polyploid fruits are often...
    • Correct answer: Larger (than diploid fruits)
  • Question 10: The kinetochore breaks down during?
    • Correct answer: Anaphase
  • Question 12: What is the physical location of a gene on a chromosome?
    • Correct Answer: Locus

Short Answer Questions (Example)

  • Question 33: Advantages of meiosis over asexual reproduction?
    • Meiosis introduces genetic variation through recombination, while asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring. This variation is crucial for adaptation and evolution in changing environments.
  • Question 34: Consequences of checkpoint protein gene mutations?
    • Mutations in checkpoint proteins can lead to uncontrolled cell division (cancer). This occurs because these proteins normally regulate the cell cycle ensuring DNA damage is fixed or the cell is properly prepared to divide.
  • Question 35: Dominant vs. recessive alleles in genetic diseases?
    • Recessive alleles are more likely to be involved in genetic diseases. These diseases typically require both copies of the mutated gene to be present for the disease to manifest.

Punnett Square Questions (Example)

  • Instructions: Show work. Failure to do so results in point deductions.
  • Question 37-38: Incomplete dominance, red/white flower color, or fur color in mice require Punnett Square setups and calculations of offspring probabilities.
  • Question 39: Blood type genetics problems require Punnett Square solutions to determine the probabilities of offspring blood types.

Other Topics

  • Chromosome Structure & Function: Homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, ploidy levels, and chromosome number.
  • Genetic Laws: Independent assortment, dominance, and segregation (explanations required for some questions).
  • Genetics Processes: Mitosis, meiosis, and mutation types.
  • Meiosis: Stages of meiosis in mitosis, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
  • Mutations: Types of mutations (insertions, deletions, point mutations, etc.), and their effects.
  • Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction: advantages/disadvantages of each method.
  • Inheritance Patterns: Concepts of autosomal traits, X-linked traits etc in genetics.

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