Biology 110 Exam #5
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Questions and Answers

Which protein is essential for regulating cell cycle progression?

  • Cyclins (correct)
  • Keratin
  • Lactate Dehydrogenase
  • Creatine Kinase

    • What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?

  • Traits segregate independently during gamete formation. (correct)
  • Only dominant traits are expressed.
  • One trait can suppress another trait.
  • Genes are inherited together.

    • A key function of mitosis is to produce what?

  • Four unique daughter cells
  • One identical daughter cell
  • Two identical daughter cells (correct)
  • Two genetically unique daughter cells

    • Which term describes the observable traits of an organism?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation results in an early stop codon?

    <p>Nonsense Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation occurs when a single nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide?

    <p>Point Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many spindle fibers are typically attached to each chromosome during metaphase of mitosis?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a genetic situation where both alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygote?

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is it called when the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes?

    <p>Incomplete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic relationship between homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Genetically similar, but not identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic outcome would likely result from a mutation in checkpoint protein genes?

    <p>Uncontrolled cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is more likely to cause genetic diseases, dominant alleles or recessive alleles?

    <p>Recessive alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In general, why do plants have a higher likelihood of producing polyploids compared to animals?

    <p>Polyploidy is beneficial for plant survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between sexual and asexual reproduction in animals?

    <p>Some animals reproduce sexually while some reproduce asexually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?

    <p>Anaphase 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the complementarity of alleles in inheritance?

    <p>The phenotype coded for by one allele can mask the phenotype coded for by the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are produced at the end of mitosis in humans?

    <p>Diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a karyotype?

    <p>The collection of all physical chromosomes in a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the joining of two homologous chromosomes in meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over happens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the actual separation of the cell into two daughter cells?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation is typically responsible for causing a frameshift?

    <p>Deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genetic law that states that the expression of one trait does not affect another trait's expression is known as?

    <p>Law of Independent Assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an organism's genotype?

    <p>The combination of alleles inherited from the parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two sister chromatids are characterized by which of the following?

    <p>The exact same loci and alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a nonsensical mutation in a gene?

    <p>It introduces a premature stop codon in the protein sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do polyploid fruits typically differ from diploid fruits?

    <p>They are larger in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about animal reproduction is true?

    <p>Some animals reproduce sexually while some reproduce asexually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct term for the physical location of a gene on a chromosome?

    <p>Locus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetics law explains that one allele can mask the phenotype of another?

    <p>Law of Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of daughter cells are produced at the end of mitosis in humans?

    <p>Diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the actual splitting of cells at the conclusion of mitosis?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a situation where there are three homologues of a chromosome?

    <p>Triploidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of mutagens does UV light belong to?

    <p>Physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mutation that results in the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs into a DNA sequence?

    <p>Insertion Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation leads to a change in a single amino acid in a protein?

    <p>Missense Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a heterozygote for a particular trait, the condition where alleles are both fully expressed is known as?

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genetic outcome where both alleles for a trait blend together to create a new phenotype in a heterozygote?

    <p>Incomplete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many spindle fibers are generally attached to each chromosome during metaphase in mitosis?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the genetic relationship between homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Genetically similar, but not identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential effect of mutations in genes responsible for cell cycle checkpoints?

    <p>Increased risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are plants more likely to produce polyploids compared to animals?

    <p>Plants often experience environmental conditions favoring polyploidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein primarily regulates the progression of the cell cycle?

    <p>Cyclins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic principle explains why the inheritance of one trait does not affect another?

    <p>Law of Independent Assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a variant form of a gene that can produce different phenotypes?

    <p>Allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The complete set of genes or alleles present within an organism is referred to as:

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of mitosis in terms of daughter cell number?

    <p>2 daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of observed characteristics, what term describes the actual traits exhibited by an organism?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is generally true of polyploid fruits compared to diploid fruits?

    <p>They tend to be larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation is characterized by an early stop codon being introduced?

    <p>Nonsense mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sister chromatids share which of the following characteristics?

    <p>Identical loci and alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate at the centromere?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation occurs when a nucleotide is replaced with another nucleotide?

    <p>Point Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During metaphase of mitosis, how many spindle fibers typically attach to each chromosome?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term defines a scenario where both alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygous organism?

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a heterozygote, what results in the phenotype appearing as an intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes?

    <p>Incomplete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are homologous chromosomes best described?

    <p>Similar in gene content, but may have different alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a mutation that can potentially disrupt the normal function of checkpoint proteins?

    <p>Nonsense Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of allele is more likely to cause genetic diseases?

    <p>Recessive Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does meiosis provide over asexual reproduction?

    <p>Promotes genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are plants more likely to produce polyploids naturally as compared to animals?

    <p>Plants can reproduce asexually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a typical insertion mutation?

    <p>Alteration of the reading frame of a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate during which phase?

    <p>Anaphase 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The law that states that alleles on a locus on two homologous chromosomes separate, with each gamete receiving one, is known as:

    <p>Law of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The actual splitting of two cells at the conclusion of mitosis is called:

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A situation in which there are three homologues for a given chromosome, but two for the rest, is referred to as:

    <p>Triploidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In meiosis, the result is the formation of how many daughter cells?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The collection of all the physical chromosomes in a cell is called the:

    <p>Karyotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, if a disease is caused by a gene on chromosome 12, it is considered:

    <p>Autosomal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The joining and intertwining of two homologous chromosomes during meiosis I forms a:

    <p>Bivalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Exam #5 - Biology 110

    • Multiple Choice Questions (2 points each): 32 questions covering various biological concepts.

    • Short Answer Questions (4 points each): 4 questions, one can be skipped. Focus on applying concepts and providing explanations.

    • Punnett Square Questions (4 points each): 5 questions, one can be skipped. Requires showing work and constructing Punnett Squares to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes in various inheritance patterns (like dominance, incomplete dominance, and sex-linked traits).

    Key Concepts

    • Cell Cycle Control: Cyclins are key proteins regulating the cell cycle.

    • Genetic Laws:

      • Law of Independent Assortment: one trait's inheritance does not influence another's.
      • Law of Dominance: one trait may mask another.
      • Law of Segregation: alleles separate during gamete formation.

    • Gene Variants (Alleles): Alleles are variants of a gene that can cause different phenotypes.

    • Genotype vs Phenotype:

      • Genotype: genetic makeup (combination of alleles).
      • Phenotype: observable traits resulting from the genotype.
      • Haplotype: group of genes inherited together.

    • Mitosis and Daughter Cells: Mitosis results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells

    • Polyploid Fruits: Polyploid fruits have more than two sets of homologous chromosomes.

    • Mutations:

      • Mutations introduce changes in the DNA sequence.
      • Silent mutations: no effect on amino acid sequence
      • Nonsense: replaces a codon with a stop codon.
      • Point mutations: one nucleotide substituted.

    • Sister Chromatids: Identical copies of a chromosome, connected at the centromere.

    • Kinetochore: protein structure connecting sister chromatids to spindle fibers during mitosis.

    • Meiosis:

      • Cell division process forming gametes (sex cells).
      • Reduces the chromosome number by half.
      • Homologous chromosomes separate during Prophase and Anaphase I.

    • Chromosome Location: Locus is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

    • Types of Mutations: Insertion, Deletion, and Point Mutations.

    • Animal Reproduction: Some animals reproduce asexually and others sexually.

    • Genetic Diseases: Some diseases are dominant (one copy causes the disease) others are recessive (both copies cause the disease).

    • Animal Reproduction: Emphasize that some animals use asexual reproduction and others sexual reproduction.

    • Chromosome Numbers: Triploidy has 3 sets of homologous chromosomes, polyploidy has more than two sets.

    • Mutagens: UV light falls in the category of physical mutagens.

    • Mitosis Stages: Key stages are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase; understand when DNA and chromosomes condense and separate.

    • Sex-Linked Inheritance: Understand that X-linked traits and their inheritance patterns.

    • Punnett Squares: Use Punnett Squares to analyze inheritance patterns for dihybrid or monohybrid crosses.

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    Bio 110 Exam #5 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on core biological concepts with this comprehensive quiz. It includes multiple choice questions, short answer queries, and Punnett square problems to assess your understanding of genetics and the cell cycle. Dive deep into genetic laws and their applications in inheritance patterns.

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