Biology 110 Exam #5
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Questions and Answers

Which protein is essential for regulating cell cycle progression?

  • Cyclins (correct)
  • Keratin
  • Lactate Dehydrogenase
  • Creatine Kinase

What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?

  • Traits segregate independently during gamete formation. (correct)
  • Only dominant traits are expressed.
  • One trait can suppress another trait.
  • Genes are inherited together.

A key function of mitosis is to produce what?

  • Four unique daughter cells
  • One identical daughter cell
  • Two identical daughter cells (correct)
  • Two genetically unique daughter cells

Which term describes the observable traits of an organism?

<p>Phenotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation results in an early stop codon?

<p>Nonsense Mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation occurs when a single nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide?

<p>Point Mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many spindle fibers are typically attached to each chromosome during metaphase of mitosis?

<p>2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a genetic situation where both alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygote?

<p>Codominance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, what is it called when the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes?

<p>Incomplete Dominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic relationship between homologous chromosomes?

<p>Genetically similar, but not identical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic outcome would likely result from a mutation in checkpoint protein genes?

<p>Uncontrolled cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is more likely to cause genetic diseases, dominant alleles or recessive alleles?

<p>Recessive alleles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In general, why do plants have a higher likelihood of producing polyploids compared to animals?

<p>Polyploidy is beneficial for plant survival (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between sexual and asexual reproduction in animals?

<p>Some animals reproduce sexually while some reproduce asexually. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?

<p>Anaphase 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the complementarity of alleles in inheritance?

<p>The phenotype coded for by one allele can mask the phenotype coded for by the other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are produced at the end of mitosis in humans?

<p>Diploid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a karyotype?

<p>The collection of all physical chromosomes in a cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the joining of two homologous chromosomes in meiosis?

<p>Crossing over happens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the actual separation of the cell into two daughter cells?

<p>Cytokinesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation is typically responsible for causing a frameshift?

<p>Deletion (A), Insertion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genetic law that states that the expression of one trait does not affect another trait's expression is known as?

<p>Law of Independent Assortment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an organism's genotype?

<p>The combination of alleles inherited from the parents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two sister chromatids are characterized by which of the following?

<p>The exact same loci and alleles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of a nonsensical mutation in a gene?

<p>It introduces a premature stop codon in the protein sequence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do polyploid fruits typically differ from diploid fruits?

<p>They are larger in size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about animal reproduction is true?

<p>Some animals reproduce sexually while some reproduce asexually (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct term for the physical location of a gene on a chromosome?

<p>Locus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetics law explains that one allele can mask the phenotype of another?

<p>Law of Dominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of daughter cells are produced at the end of mitosis in humans?

<p>Diploid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the actual splitting of cells at the conclusion of mitosis?

<p>Cytokinesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a situation where there are three homologues of a chromosome?

<p>Triploidy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of mutagens does UV light belong to?

<p>Physical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a mutation that results in the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs into a DNA sequence?

<p>Insertion Mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation leads to a change in a single amino acid in a protein?

<p>Missense Mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a heterozygote for a particular trait, the condition where alleles are both fully expressed is known as?

<p>Codominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a genetic outcome where both alleles for a trait blend together to create a new phenotype in a heterozygote?

<p>Incomplete Dominance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many spindle fibers are generally attached to each chromosome during metaphase in mitosis?

<p>2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the genetic relationship between homologous chromosomes?

<p>Genetically similar, but not identical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential effect of mutations in genes responsible for cell cycle checkpoints?

<p>Increased risk of cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are plants more likely to produce polyploids compared to animals?

<p>Plants often experience environmental conditions favoring polyploidy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein primarily regulates the progression of the cell cycle?

<p>Cyclins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic principle explains why the inheritance of one trait does not affect another?

<p>Law of Independent Assortment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a variant form of a gene that can produce different phenotypes?

<p>Allele (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The complete set of genes or alleles present within an organism is referred to as:

<p>Genotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end result of mitosis in terms of daughter cell number?

<p>2 daughter cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of observed characteristics, what term describes the actual traits exhibited by an organism?

<p>Phenotype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is generally true of polyploid fruits compared to diploid fruits?

<p>They tend to be larger (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation is characterized by an early stop codon being introduced?

<p>Nonsense mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sister chromatids share which of the following characteristics?

<p>Identical loci and alleles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate at the centromere?

<p>Anaphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation occurs when a nucleotide is replaced with another nucleotide?

<p>Point Mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During metaphase of mitosis, how many spindle fibers typically attach to each chromosome?

<p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term defines a scenario where both alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygous organism?

<p>Codominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a heterozygote, what results in the phenotype appearing as an intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes?

<p>Incomplete Dominance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are homologous chromosomes best described?

<p>Similar in gene content, but may have different alleles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a mutation that can potentially disrupt the normal function of checkpoint proteins?

<p>Nonsense Mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of allele is more likely to cause genetic diseases?

<p>Recessive Alleles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does meiosis provide over asexual reproduction?

<p>Promotes genetic diversity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are plants more likely to produce polyploids naturally as compared to animals?

<p>Plants can reproduce asexually (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a typical insertion mutation?

<p>Alteration of the reading frame of a gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate during which phase?

<p>Anaphase 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The law that states that alleles on a locus on two homologous chromosomes separate, with each gamete receiving one, is known as:

<p>Law of Segregation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The actual splitting of two cells at the conclusion of mitosis is called:

<p>Cytokinesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A situation in which there are three homologues for a given chromosome, but two for the rest, is referred to as:

<p>Triploidy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In meiosis, the result is the formation of how many daughter cells?

<p>4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The collection of all the physical chromosomes in a cell is called the:

<p>Karyotype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In humans, if a disease is caused by a gene on chromosome 12, it is considered:

<p>Autosomal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The joining and intertwining of two homologous chromosomes during meiosis I forms a:

<p>Bivalent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cyclins' role in cell cycle

Cyclins are proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle.

Law of Independent Assortment

The genetic law stating that traits are inherited independently of each other.

Allele

A variant form of a gene.

Genotype

The complete set of genes an organism possesses.

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Mitosis daughter cells

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells.

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Animal Reproduction

Some animals reproduce sexually, some asexually, and some use both methods.

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Gene Locus

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

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Meiosis Homologous Separation

Homologous chromosomes separate during Anaphase I of meiosis.

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Law of Dominance

One allele can mask the effect of another allele in a phenotype.

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Triploidy

A condition where a cell has three copies of each chromosome.

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Mitosis Chromosome Condensing

Chromosome condensation occurs during prophase of mitosis.

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Point Mutation

A genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is replaced with another.

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Frameshift Mutation

A genetic mutation that shifts the reading frame of a gene, altering the amino acid sequence.

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How many spindle fibers attach to each chromosome during metaphase?

During metaphase in mitosis, two spindle fibers attach to each chromosome at the centromere.

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Codominance

A genetic inheritance pattern where both alleles for a trait are fully expressed in a heterozygote.

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Incomplete Dominance

A genetic inheritance pattern where the phenotype of a heterozygote is an intermediate between the phenotypes of the two alleles.

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Homologous Chromosomes

A pair of chromosomes, one from each parent, that have the same genes at the same loci, but may carry different alleles.

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Advantages of Meiosis

Meiosis provides genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment, promoting adaptation and survival.

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Consequences of Checkpoint Protein Mutations

Mutations in checkpoint proteins can lead to uncontrolled cell division, potentially causing cancer.

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What does a nonsense mutation do?

A nonsense mutation introduces a premature stop codon in the DNA sequence, resulting in a truncated protein that may be non-functional.

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What are sister chromatids?

Two identical copies of a chromosome held together at the centromere, formed during DNA replication.

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What is polyploidy?

A condition where a cell or organism has more than two sets of chromosomes.

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What is a phenotype?

The observable characteristics of an organism, which are determined by its genotype and environmental factors.

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What are cyclins?

Proteins that regulate the progression of the cell cycle by controlling the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases.

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What does a gene's locus refer to?

The locus of a gene is its physical location on a chromosome.

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What happens during Anaphase I of Meiosis?

During Anaphase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate, moving towards opposite poles of the cell.

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What is the Law of Dominance?

The Law of Dominance states that one allele can mask the effect of another allele in a phenotype.

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What is Triploidy?

Triploidy is a condition where a cell has three copies of each chromosome.

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What happens during Prophase of Mitosis?

During prophase of mitosis, chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers form.

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What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes, while diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes.

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What is a Karyotype?

A karyotype is a collection of all the physical chromosomes in a cell.

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What is a Bivalent?

A bivalent is formed when two homologous chromosomes join and intertwine during meiosis I.

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Standard Dominance

A pattern of inheritance where one allele completely masks the effect of another allele in a heterozygote.

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Why are genetic diseases more likely recessive?

Most genetic diseases are caused by recessive alleles, because individuals only need one copy of the dominant allele for a healthy phenotype. Recessive diseases only manifest when both alleles are recessive.

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What are the advantages of meiosis?

Meiosis provides genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment, leading to offspring that are genetically unique and more adaptable to changing environments.

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Homologous Chromosome Separation

During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

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Chromosome Condensing

During prophase of mitosis, chromosomes condense and become visible under a microscope.

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Daughter Cells of Mitosis

Mitosis results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

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Autosomal Disease

A disease caused by a gene located on a non-sex chromosome (autosome).

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Cytokinesis

The process of cell division where the cytoplasm divides, creating two separate daughter cells.

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Karyotype

The collection of all the physical chromosomes in a cell, arranged in order of size and shape.

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Cell Cycle Regulator

A protein that controls the progression of the cell cycle, ensuring proper timing and order of events.

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Independent Assortment

The principle stating that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other, meaning the inheritance of one trait doesn't influence the inheritance of another.

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Genotype vs. Phenotype

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, the complete set of genes an organism has, while phenotype refers to the observable traits that are expressed.

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Mitosis Outcome

Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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Polyploid Fruit

Fruits derived from plants with more than two sets of chromosomes, often resulting in larger, seedless, and sometimes more flavorful fruits.

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Nonsense Mutation

A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon in the genetic code, leading to a shortened and often non-functional protein.

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Sister Chromatids Separation

The process during anaphase of mitosis where sister chromatids, identical copies of a chromosome, are pulled apart by spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell.

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Mutation Impact

Changes in the genetic code can have different consequences, ranging from silent mutations with no effect to drastic changes that alter protein function or cause disease.

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Chromosomes During Metaphase

During metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes align at the center (equator) of the cell in a single file line, attached to spindle fibers from opposite poles.

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How many spindle fibers attach to each chromosome in metaphase?

During metaphase of mitosis, two spindle fibers attach to each chromosome at the centromere.

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Meiosis Advantage

Meiosis produces genetic diversity, increasing the chances of offspring's survival in changing environments.

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Checkpoint Protein Mutation

Mutations in checkpoint proteins can lead to uncontrolled cell division, potentially causing cancer.

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Dominant or Recessive Genetic Diseases?

Genetic diseases are more likely to be caused by recessive alleles, as an individual only requires one dominant allele for a healthy phenotype.

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Why are plants more likely to be polyploid?

Plants can naturally produce polyploids more frequently than animals due to their ability to reproduce asexually and through other mechanisms.

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Study Notes

Exam #5 - Biology 110

  • Multiple Choice Questions (2 points each): 32 questions covering various biological concepts.

  • Short Answer Questions (4 points each): 4 questions, one can be skipped. Focus on applying concepts and providing explanations.

  • Punnett Square Questions (4 points each): 5 questions, one can be skipped. Requires showing work and constructing Punnett Squares to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes in various inheritance patterns (like dominance, incomplete dominance, and sex-linked traits).

Key Concepts

  • Cell Cycle Control: Cyclins are key proteins regulating the cell cycle.

  • Genetic Laws:

    • Law of Independent Assortment: one trait's inheritance does not influence another's.
    • Law of Dominance: one trait may mask another.
    • Law of Segregation: alleles separate during gamete formation.

  • Gene Variants (Alleles): Alleles are variants of a gene that can cause different phenotypes.

  • Genotype vs Phenotype:

    • Genotype: genetic makeup (combination of alleles).
    • Phenotype: observable traits resulting from the genotype.
    • Haplotype: group of genes inherited together.

  • Mitosis and Daughter Cells: Mitosis results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells

  • Polyploid Fruits: Polyploid fruits have more than two sets of homologous chromosomes.

  • Mutations:

    • Mutations introduce changes in the DNA sequence.
    • Silent mutations: no effect on amino acid sequence
    • Nonsense: replaces a codon with a stop codon.
    • Point mutations: one nucleotide substituted.

  • Sister Chromatids: Identical copies of a chromosome, connected at the centromere.

  • Kinetochore: protein structure connecting sister chromatids to spindle fibers during mitosis.

  • Meiosis:

    • Cell division process forming gametes (sex cells).
    • Reduces the chromosome number by half.
    • Homologous chromosomes separate during Prophase and Anaphase I.

  • Chromosome Location: Locus is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

  • Types of Mutations: Insertion, Deletion, and Point Mutations.

  • Animal Reproduction: Some animals reproduce asexually and others sexually.

  • Genetic Diseases: Some diseases are dominant (one copy causes the disease) others are recessive (both copies cause the disease).

  • Animal Reproduction: Emphasize that some animals use asexual reproduction and others sexual reproduction.

  • Chromosome Numbers: Triploidy has 3 sets of homologous chromosomes, polyploidy has more than two sets.

  • Mutagens: UV light falls in the category of physical mutagens.

  • Mitosis Stages: Key stages are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase; understand when DNA and chromosomes condense and separate.

  • Sex-Linked Inheritance: Understand that X-linked traits and their inheritance patterns.

  • Punnett Squares: Use Punnett Squares to analyze inheritance patterns for dihybrid or monohybrid crosses.

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Bio 110 Exam #5 PDF

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Test your knowledge on core biological concepts with this comprehensive quiz. It includes multiple choice questions, short answer queries, and Punnett square problems to assess your understanding of genetics and the cell cycle. Dive deep into genetic laws and their applications in inheritance patterns.

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