Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which step of the Calvin cycle requires no extra energy?
Which step of the Calvin cycle requires no extra energy?
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.
RuBP
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____.
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____.
NADPH
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
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In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
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Which of the following leaf types would be the most efficient at absorbing sunlight?
Which of the following leaf types would be the most efficient at absorbing sunlight?
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Which of the following structures allows for gas exchange between the tissues of a leaf and the atmosphere?
Which of the following structures allows for gas exchange between the tissues of a leaf and the atmosphere?
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Guard cells open during the day to allow gases to flow through the stomata.
Guard cells open during the day to allow gases to flow through the stomata.
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Your teacher wants you to mix up the enzymes and substrates necessary to perform the Calvin cycle in a test tube. What components do you need to put into the test tube?
Your teacher wants you to mix up the enzymes and substrates necessary to perform the Calvin cycle in a test tube. What components do you need to put into the test tube?
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What is the purpose of a cuticle on a leaf?
What is the purpose of a cuticle on a leaf?
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Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis?
Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis?
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In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place?
In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place?
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What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?
What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?
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What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?
What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?
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What provides electrons for the light reactions?
What provides electrons for the light reactions?
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What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?
What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?
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What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
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The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.
The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.
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Where is the most energy used in the Calvin cycle?
Where is the most energy used in the Calvin cycle?
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How is the energy present in the electrons passed through electron transport chain II first used?
How is the energy present in the electrons passed through electron transport chain II first used?
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The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.
The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.
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Why do plant leaves appear green?
Why do plant leaves appear green?
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In what order do the steps of the light reactions occur?
In what order do the steps of the light reactions occur?
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How many molecules of carbon are fixed in each round of the Calvin cycle?
How many molecules of carbon are fixed in each round of the Calvin cycle?
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Chlorophyll a can absorb well in both the violet/blue end of the spectrum and the orange/red end of the spectrum. Why then is ultraviolet light considered a very good source of energy for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll a can absorb well in both the violet/blue end of the spectrum and the orange/red end of the spectrum. Why then is ultraviolet light considered a very good source of energy for photosynthesis?
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Which cell type in a leaf performs the most photosynthesis?
Which cell type in a leaf performs the most photosynthesis?
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Where are the electrons used in photosystem II found at the very end of the light reactions?
Where are the electrons used in photosystem II found at the very end of the light reactions?
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_____ has a longer wavelength than _____.
_____ has a longer wavelength than _____.
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When discussing photosynthesis, some people mistakenly talk about the light reactions and the dark reactions. Why is 'dark reactions' an inaccurate name for the Calvin cycle?
When discussing photosynthesis, some people mistakenly talk about the light reactions and the dark reactions. Why is 'dark reactions' an inaccurate name for the Calvin cycle?
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You place a plant in a transparent box made of greenish-yellow plastic. How does this affect photosynthesis for the plant?
You place a plant in a transparent box made of greenish-yellow plastic. How does this affect photosynthesis for the plant?
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Which of the following summarizes photosystem I and the electron transport chain I in terms of exergonic and endergonic reactions?
Which of the following summarizes photosystem I and the electron transport chain I in terms of exergonic and endergonic reactions?
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Why do plants produce O2?
Why do plants produce O2?
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How is O2 involved in photosynthesis?
How is O2 involved in photosynthesis?
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Which of the following is most similar to the Calvin cycle?
Which of the following is most similar to the Calvin cycle?
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Which of the following describes the steps of photosystem II and electron transport chain II in terms of energy conversions?
Which of the following describes the steps of photosystem II and electron transport chain II in terms of energy conversions?
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Why do chloroplasts make energy carriers during the light reactions?
Why do chloroplasts make energy carriers during the light reactions?
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Study Notes
Calvin Cycle Key Processes
- Carbon fixation by Rubisco occurs without additional energy expenditure, adding CO2 to RuBP.
- Generation of G3P requires reduction of phosphorylated 3-PGA using electrons from NADPH.
- To synthesize one glucose molecule, six carbon dioxide molecules must be added.
- The regeneration of RuBP from five G3P molecules requires three ATP molecules.
Photosynthesis Overview
- Photosynthesis is represented by the equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
- It takes place in chloroplasts, specifically within the thylakoid membranes for light reactions and the stroma for the Calvin cycle.
Light Reactions Components
- The light reactions convert water into oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle.
- An electron transport chain connects the two photosystems involved in capturing light energy.
Leaf Anatomy and Function
- Large, broad leaves are optimal for sunlight absorption due to their extensive surface area.
- Stomata enable gas exchange, controlled by guard cells which open during daylight to facilitate this exchange.
Light Absorption and Energy
- Chlorophyll primarily reflects green light, which makes leaves appear green while absorbing blue and red wavelengths.
- Ultraviolet light provides more energy per photon, enhancing its role in photosynthesis.
Energy Dynamics in Photosynthesis
- The highest energy usage in the Calvin cycle occurs during the conversion of PGA to G3P.
- ATP generated in the light reactions is crucial for driving the endergonic reactions of sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle.
Photosystems and Electron Transport
- Photosystem II initiates the light reactions, leading to the generation of NADPH by extracting electrons from water.
- Electrons move through an electron transport chain, ultimately contributing to the conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
Roles of Various Molecules
- NADPH and ATP produced in the light reactions fuel the Calvin cycle by providing necessary energy and reducing power.
- CO2 serves as the carbon source integrated into sugar molecules during photosynthesis.
Importance of Photosynthesis
- Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is a by-product of splitting water molecules, supporting aerobic life.
- The mesophyll cells in leaves are primarily responsible for photosynthesis due to their abundant chloroplasts.
Misconceptions and Clarifications
- The term "dark reactions" is misleading as the Calvin cycle can occur in the presence of light.
- A transparent box made of greenish-yellow plastic would block necessary wavelengths, halting photosynthesis.
Energy Conversion Processes
- Energy from sunlight is converted into potential energy in electrons, subsequently transforming into kinetic energy as hydrogen ions are pumped, contributing to ATP formation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Chapter 7 of Biology 1001 with this quiz focused on the Calvin cycle. Explore key concepts like carbon fixation and the roles of various molecules in the process. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of plant biology.
