Biologija - Prvi Tjedan

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Koji transportni mehanizam uključuje unos tvari putem uvijanja membrane?

Egzocitoza

Aktivni transport

Endocitoza (correct)

Transcitoza

Koji od sljedećih iona ima veću koncentraciju izvan stanice?

K+

Cl-

Na+ (correct)

Ca2+

Koji proces uključuje transport neurotransmitera iz živčanih stanica?

Egzocitoza (correct)

Fagocitoza

Pinocitoza

Aktivni transport

Šta predstavlja elektrokemijski gradijent?

Kombinacija koncentracijskog gradijenta i membranskog potencijala Signup and view all the answers

Koji oblik endocitoze koristi receptore za unos tvari u stanicu?

Endocitoza posredovana receptorom Signup and view all the answers

Šta se dešava sa stanicom u hipotončnoj otopini?

Stanica nabubri i može doći do puknuća. Signup and view all the answers

Koji je proces gubitka vode iz stanice u hipertoničnoj otopini?

Plazmoliza Signup and view all the answers

Koja vrsta transporta koristi energiju iz ATP-a za premještanje molekula?

Aktivni transport Signup and view all the answers

Koji proteini omogućavaju prolaz vode kroz membrane?

Akvaporini Signup and view all the answers

Što je osnovna funkcija Na/K crpke?

Pumpa K ione unutra i Na ione van. Signup and view all the answers

Koji proces se naziva olakšana difuzija?

Difuzija putem transportnih proteina. Signup and view all the answers

Kako se zove tlak koji gura plazma membranu prema staničnoj stijenki kod biljaka?

Turgor tlak Signup and view all the answers

Koja vrsta difuzije se vrši kroz lipidni dvosloj membrane?

Pasivna difuzija Signup and view all the answers

Koja je funkcija intermedijarnih filamenata u stanicama?

Podrška obliku stanice i održavanje položaja organela Signup and view all the answers

Šta su plazmodezme i koja im je funkcija?

Kanali koji služe za komunikaciju i razmjenu tvari između susjednih biljnih stanica Signup and view all the answers

Koji tip mikroskopa može prikazati unutarnju strukturu stanice?

TEM (transmissijski elektronski mikroskop) Signup and view all the answers

Koja od navedenih opcija opisuje pasivni transport?

Difuzija tvari kroz membranu bez utroška energije Signup and view all the answers

Kako kolesterol utiče na staničnu membranu?

Održava stabilnost fluidnosti membrane tokom promjena temperature Signup and view all the answers

Koji od sljedećih pojmova označava sve mikroorganizme u ljudskom tijelu?

Mikrobiota Signup and view all the answers

Koji od sljedećih sistema pomaže u transportu i modifikaciji membranskih proteina?

Endoplazmatski retikulum i Golgijev aparat Signup and view all the answers

Šta je zadaća ribosoma u stanici?

Sinteza proteina Signup and view all the answers

Koji od navedenih struktura nije prisutan u prokariotskim stanicama?

Hrapavi endoplazmatski retikulum Signup and view all the answers

Šta je glavna funkcija mitohondrija?

Proizvodnja energije i stanično disanje Signup and view all the answers

Koji proces se odvija unutar jezgre?

Nastanak ribosomskih podjedinica Signup and view all the answers

Koja organela je zadužena za modifikaciju proteina?

Golgi aparat Signup and view all the answers

Kako se zove prostor između dviju membrana koje čine jezgrinu ovojnicu?

Perinuklearni prostor Signup and view all the answers

Koja od sljedećih tvrdnji o vakuolama nije tačna?

Vakuole su prisutne samo u biljnim stanicama Signup and view all the answers

Koja je glavna funkcija glatkog endoplazmatskog retikuluma?

Sinteza lipida Signup and view all the answers

Šta je peroksisom i koja mu je funkcija?

Sadrži enzime koji stvaraju vodikov peroksid Signup and view all the answers

Kakav oblik imaju kromosomi u stanici?

Linearni oblik Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Review of First Week of Biology

All Cells: Consist of membrane, cytosol (a viscous substance), chromosomes (hereditary instructions), ribosomes, cytoplasm (cytosol + organelles), protoplasm (cytoplasm + nucleus with nucleoplasm).
Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea): Lack organelles; their chromosome floats in the cytoplasm as they do not have a nucleus. Their hereditary material is circular DNA.
Eukaryotes (animals and plants): Have a nucleus with DNA separate from the cytoplasm. They have centrosomes which form the mitotic spindle.
Animal + Plant Cells: Contain nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, mitochondria (plants have chloroplasts). Plant cells have a cell wall.
Nucleus: Enclosed by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) with 4 phospholipid layers (2 bilayers), continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Contains chromosomes packaged as chromatin; nucleolus (where ribosome subunits form). Contains nuclear pores for material passage. Perinuclear space (between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope). Nucleoplasm is the viscous fluid inside the nucleus. Nuclear lamina (protein filaments) lines the inner nuclear membrane.
Chromosomes: Are the transport form of DNA molecules and are composed of DNA and proteins called histones and DNA.
Ribosomes: Consist of two ribosomal subunits made of RNA and protein. They are either free in the cytosol or bound to the rough ER; their function is protein synthesis.
Genomic information: Is contained in the nucleus and is transmitted through ribosomes and DNA.

Second Week of Biology

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Smooth ER produces lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, stores calcium ions and detoxifies harmful substances. Rough ER helps in the synthesis, modification, and packaging of secretory proteins.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, organizes, packages, and secretes proteins and polysaccharides. Has a cis and trans face (entering and exiting regions, respectively).
Lysosomes (animal cells): Responsible for digestion, recycling, and breaking down cellular macromolecules and damaged organelles.
Vacuoles (plant cells): Crucial for digestion, storage, protection, and growth; they regulate water balance.
Endosymbiotic Theory: Explains the origin of eukaryotic organelles (like mitochondria and chloroplasts) through symbiotic relationships between prokaryotic cells.
Mitochondria: Produces energy through cellular respiration. Has two membranes.
Chloroplasts (plant cells): Site of photosynthesis. Have two membranes, thylakoids, and stroma.
Peroxisomes (animal cells): Contain enzymes that use oxygen to break down fatty acids and other molecules. Contain a single membrane.
Cytoskeleton: A network of protein filaments (microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments) that gives shape, structure, motility, and transport.
Microtubules: Involved in cell division (movement of chromosomes) and cell morphology (making cilia and flagella).
Microfilaments: Involved in cell contraction, cell division and movement (cytoplasmic streaming).
Intermediate filaments: Provide structural support to cell, maintaining cell shape and resisting mechanical stress.
Extracellular matrix: Supports, connects, and regulates cells (in tissue or cell layers)

Cell Processes and Structures

Plasma (cell) membrane: Exhibits selective permeability; controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Microbial Communities (Microbiome/Microbiota): Collectively encompass all the microbes (bacteria, viruses, protists), their genomes, and their genetic material, inhabiting a specific environment.
Microscopy: Includes light and electron microscopy (SEM-scanning and TEM-transmission electron) used to observe cells and their components.
Osmosis and Tonicity: Movement of water across selectively permeable membranes (hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic solutions).
Transport across membranes: Passive transport (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis) does not require energy. Active transport requires energy (moving substances against their concentration gradient).
Endocytosis: (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis) is the cell taking material into itself; this is an active process.
Exocytosis: The cell expelling material from the cell. This is an active process for secretion.
Desmosomes: Cell junctions that attach cells together, providing strength. Present in tissues that experience stress (skin).

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Ovaj kviz pokriva osnovne koncepte ćelijske biologije, uključujući razlike između prokariotskih i eukariotskih ćelija. Također se fokusira na strukturu i funkcije ćelijskih organela, kao što su jezgri, ribosomi i mitohondriji. Testirajte svoje znanje o osnovama biologije koje ste naučili tijekom prvog tjedna.