Biological Systems & Evolution Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following kingdoms does NOT belong to the Eukarya domain?

  • Plants
  • Fungi
  • Animals
  • Bacteria (correct)

What role does feedback regulation play in living organisms?

  • It ensures the coordination of chemical pathways. (correct)
  • It allows for random changes in cell function.
  • It eliminates the need for chemical pathways.
  • It promotes competition between cells.

What is a primary concept in Darwin's theory of natural selection?

  • Individuals in a population are identical.
  • Survival is based solely on luck.
  • That organisms do not change over time.
  • Traits are inherited and can vary among individuals. (correct)

How does evolution explain the unity of life?

<p>All organisms have evolved from a common ancestor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an outcome of interactions within organisms?

<p>Smooth operation of the organism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports the theory of evolution?

<p>The existence of DNA as a universal genetic language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a multicellular kingdom within Eukarya?

<p>Protozoa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Darwin observe regarding populations?

<p>Most offspring do not survive due to competition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a homozygous organism?

<p>It has two identical alleles for a character. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a dihybrid cross involving true-breeding parents, the offspring in the F1 generation are considered:

<p>Dihybrids that are heterozygous for both traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the Law of Independent Assortment?

<p>It states that genes far apart on the same chromosome are inherited independently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does phenotype refer to in genetics?

<p>The observable physical appearance of an organism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might an organism's trait not reveal its genetic composition?

<p>Due to the effects of dominant and recessive alleles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a dihybrid cross used for?

<p>To analyze the inheritance of two traits simultaneously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, what does genotype refer to?

<p>The genetic composition of an organism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding dominant phenotypes?

<p>They could result from either homozygous or heterozygous genotypes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a hypertonic solution?

<p>It has a higher solute concentration than the cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes phospholipids in the plasma membrane?

<p>They contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of membrane proteins is primarily responsible for facilitating chemical reactions?

<p>Enzymatic Activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the fluid mosaic model describe?

<p>A dynamic arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do integral proteins play in the membrane?

<p>They penetrate the hydrophobic core of the membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the movement of water during osmosis?

<p>Movement from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the distribution of proteins and lipids in the membrane occur?

<p>It is determined during the synthesis by the ER and Golgi Apparatus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of molecule can rapidly pass through the lipid bilayer?

<p>Nonpolar molecules such as hydrocarbons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Isotonic solutions are characterized by which of the following?

<p>Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passive transport?

<p>The diffusion of substances across a membrane without energy use. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does membrane fluidity provide?

<p>It facilitates the movement of proteins within the membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?

<p>Energy Production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump?

<p>Creating a chemical gradient by moving sodium out and potassium into the cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

<p>The spreading out of molecules into available space. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor influencing electrochemical gradients?

<p>The distribution of positive and negative ions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines membrane potential?

<p>The voltage difference across a membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mitosis in cell division?

<p>To divide the genetic material and produce identical daughter cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'cytokinesis'?

<p>The division of the cytoplasm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about gametes and somatic cells is accurate?

<p>Gametes have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>Interphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about meiosis compared to mitosis?

<p>Meiosis yields non-identical daughter cells with half the chromosome number. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chromosomes made of?

<p>Complexes of DNA and protein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the cell cycle is correct?

<p>Interphase constitutes about 90% of the cell cycle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'genome'?

<p>It includes all the DNA in a cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biological Systems Interactions

Interactions between biological components from cells to ecosystems, which can be beneficial or harmful.

Feedback Regulation

A process in which the product of a chemical pathway influences the process itself.

Unity of Life

All living things share fundamental similarities, mainly due to DNA's role as a universal genetic code.

Diversity of Life

The wide variety of organisms/species through adaptations and differences.

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Natural Selection

Mechanism of evolution where better adapted organisms survive and reproduce.

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Fossils

Preserved remains of organisms from the past, demonstrating evolution over time.

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Plasma Membrane

Outer boundary of a cell, primarily composed of phospholipids.

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Phospholipids

Amphipathic molecules with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions forming cell membranes.

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Fluid Mosaic Model

Description of the cell membrane as a fluid structure with embedded proteins.

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Peripheral Proteins

Membrane proteins that bind to the membrane surface.

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Integral Proteins

Membrane proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core.

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Transmembrane Proteins

Integral proteins that span the entire membrane.

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Passive Transport

Movement of molecules across a membrane without energy input.

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Diffusion

Net movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

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Dynamic Equilibrium

State where the concentration of molecules is equal on both sides of a membrane, but molecules still move.

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Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

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Tonicity

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

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Isotonic Solution

Solution with equal solute concentration compared to the cell.

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Hypertonic Solution

Solution with higher solute concentration than the cell causing water loss.

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Hypotonic Solution

Solution with lower solute concentration than the cell causing water gain.

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Active Transport

Movement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy input.

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Membrane Potential

Voltage difference across a membrane.

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Cell Cycle

Series of events in a cell's life leading to its division.

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Chromosomes

Structures containing DNA that package genetic information.

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Chromatin

Complex of DNA and proteins that condenses during cell division

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Genome

Complete set of genetic material in a cell

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Mitosis

Division of the nucleus, producing identical daughter nuclei.

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Study Notes

Biological Systems & Interactions

  • Biological systems, from ecosystems to cells, feature interactions crucial for smooth operation.
  • These interactions can be beneficial or harmful.
  • Feedback regulation coordinates chemical pathways, where the product regulates the process.

Unity and Diversity of Life

  • All life shares a fundamental unity, largely due to DNA as the universal genetic language.
  • Cellular structures exhibit striking similarities across organisms.
  • Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection explains both the unity and diversity of life through modified descendants from common ancestors.

Evolution

  • Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life through modified descendants from common ancestors.
  • Fossils provide evidence for life's evolution over billions of years.
  • Darwin observed variations in heritable traits, more offspring than survive, and inevitable competition.

Cell Membranes

  • The plasma membrane is predominantly composed of phospholipids, amphipathic molecules with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
  • The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane as a fluid structure with embedded proteins.
  • Membrane proteins are not randomly distributed; their arrangement determines membrane function.

Membrane Structure & Function

  • Peripheral proteins bind to the membrane surface.
  • Integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core; transmembrane proteins span the membrane.
  • The lipid bilayer's permeability is determined by its hydrophobic nature.

Membrane Transport

  • Passive transport involves diffusion across a membrane without energy investment.
  • Diffusion is the tendency for molecules to spread evenly.
  • Dynamic equilibrium occurs when equal amounts cross the membrane in both directions.

Membrane Protein Functions

  • Membrane proteins perform diverse functions, including transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, and attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM).
  • Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from a region of lower to higher solute concentration.

Tonicity

  • Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
  • Isotonic solutions have equal solute concentration compared to the cell.
  • Hypertonic solutions have higher solute concentration, causing water loss from the cell.
  • Hypotonic solutions have lower solute concentration, causing water gain by the cell.

Active Transport

  • The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport, requiring energy investment.
  • Membrane potential is the voltage difference across a membrane.
  • Electrochemical gradient involves both chemical (ion concentration) and electrical forces driving ion diffusion.

Cell Division

  • Cell division is an integral part of the cell cycle.
  • Most cell division creates genetically identical daughter cells.
  • Meiosis is a specialized division producing sperm and egg cells (gametes).

Chromosomes & Genome

  • Chromosomes package the DNA molecules in a cell.
  • Chromatin is the DNA-protein complex that condenses during division.
  • The genome comprises all DNA in a cell.
  • After chromosome duplication, the two identical copies are called chromatids.

Mitosis & Cytokinesis

  • Mitosis is the division of nuclear genetic material.
  • Cytokinesis is cytoplasm division.
  • The mitotic (M) phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
  • Interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases) encompasses the majority of the cell cycle.

Genetics

  • Somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes; gametes have half as many.
  • Homozygous organisms have identical alleles for a character.
  • Heterozygous organisms have two different alleles.
  • The law of independent assortment states that allele pairs segregate independently during gamete formation (for genes on different or distantly located chromosomes).
  • A dihybrid cross involves two characters.
  • Phenotype is the physical appearance, while genotype is the genetic makeup.

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Description

Test your knowledge on biological systems, cellular interactions, and the principles of evolution. This quiz covers key concepts such as the unity and diversity of life, feedback regulation in chemical pathways, and the significance of Darwin's natural selection. Explore how life functions at the cellular level and the evidence of evolution through fossils.

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