Biology Chapter 4 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary energy currency used in cells?

  • ATP (correct)
  • Glucose
  • FADH2
  • NADH

Which type of transport requires energy and moves substances from low to high concentration?

  • Passive transport
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Active transport (correct)

Where does ATP production occur in animal cells?

  • Mitochondria (correct)
  • Chloroplasts
  • Ribosomes
  • Nucleus

What is one function of the cell membrane?

<p>Controls the movement of substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis primarily concerned with?

<p>Maintenance of stable internal conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is involved in regulating blood pressure?

<p>Circulatory system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are primarily multicellular and can differentiate into specialized tissues?

<p>Eukaryotic cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about respiration is correct?

<p>It uses carbohydrates and oxygen to produce ATP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is artificial selection primarily reliant upon?

<p>Human choice of desirable traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of selection occurs when one sex chooses mates based on certain traits?

<p>Intersexual selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a potential cost of traits selected through sexual selection?

<p>Reduced survival probabilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does variation arise in a population according to the content?

<p>From random mutations in DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the process of evolution as discussed?

<p>It combines mutation and selection to create change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept suggests that the processes we observe today have operated throughout the entire history of Earth?

<p>Actualism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is known for providing evidence that life on Earth has changed over time through fossil records?

<p>Georges Cuvier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What observed variability in domestic animals contributed to evolutionary theory?

<p>High levels of variability within a species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Alfred Russel Wallace in the context of evolutionary theory?

<p>He proposed theories independently of Darwin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key idea proposed by Plato regarding the world we perceive?

<p>It is a shadow of underlying essences that remain fixed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Aristotle's view on the nature of species?

<p>Species have fixed essences and do not change over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes heritable changes in gene expression that can be passed down?

<p>Epigenetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects Charles Darwin's observations about populations in different ecological settings?

<p>They tend to have different characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory is associated with Jean-Baptiste Lamarck?

<p>Acquired characteristics can be inherited. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor was a barrier to Charles Darwin publishing his work on evolution?

<p>Pressure from religion and family (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major issue was found in Lamarck's theory?

<p>It was not based on empirical evidence of evolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of living things allows them to maintain a stable internal environment?

<p>Homeostasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Darwin-Wallace theory primarily explain?

<p>The theory of evolution by natural selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Carolus Linnaeus' system of taxonomy?

<p>To discover order in the diversity of life for the glory of God. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What belief did St. Thomas Aquinas hold about the living world?

<p>It demonstrates the work of an intelligent and benevolent designer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of DNA in living organisms?

<p>To store genetic information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Lamarck's theory of evolution?

<p>Species evolve through natural selection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is NOT essential for life?

<p>Helium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a polar molecule such as water?

<p>Partial positive and negative charges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of the history of evolutionary thought was not compatible with the idea of evolution?

<p>The linear ordering of organisms by Aristotle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe when a species splits into genetically distinct lineages that can no longer interbreed?

<p>Speciation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a property of water that contributes to its role as a solvent?

<p>Polarity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pre-zygotic reproductive isolation mechanism?

<p>Hybrid sterility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes cohesion in water?

<p>Water molecules stick to each other due to hydrogen bonding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Darwin’s Finches are an example of which evolutionary process?

<p>Adaptive radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the ability of living organisms to change over time?

<p>Evolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes metabolism in living organisms?

<p>The sum of all chemical reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive radiation as illustrated by Darwin’s Finches?

<p>Initial invasion followed by localized adaptation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ultimately results from inter-island mixing of Darwin's Finches?

<p>Mixed species on different islands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the building blocks of proteins?

<p>They are composed of amino acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic unique to living cells compared to non-living matter?

<p>Presence of DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process refers to organisms becoming better suited to their environment?

<p>Adaptation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms operates after the formation of a zygote?

<p>Hybrid inviability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for the reproductive isolation among Darwin's Finches on different islands?

<p>Different ecological niches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Cell Membrane Structure

A phospholipid bilayer with a polar head and non-polar tails, creating a barrier between inside and outside the cell.

Active Transport

Movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

Passive Transport

Movement of molecules across a membrane from high to low concentration, without energy.

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Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment within a narrow range.

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; the primary energy currency of cells.

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Photosynthesis

Process where plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into energy (ATP) and carbohydrates.

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Respiration

Process where organisms use energy by breaking down carbohydrates in the presence of oxygen, to produce ATP.

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Properties of water

Water's characteristics, like being a good solvent, having high heat capacity, and exhibiting cohesion, make it essential for life.

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Polar molecule

A molecule with slightly positive and negative ends due to unequal sharing of electrons.

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Cohesion

Water molecules' attraction to each other.

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Solvent

A substance that dissolves other substances.

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Hydrophilic

Substances that dissolve readily in water.

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Molecule

A group of two or more atoms bonded together.

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Elements of Life

The essential atoms (like Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, etc.) that make up living organisms.

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Water's Heat Capacity

Water's ability to absorb and retain a significant amount of heat without significantly changing temperature.

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Basic Life Characteristics

Key features shared by all living things (organization, reproduction, metabolism, response, adaptation, homeostasis).

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Pre-Darwinian views of life

Philosophical and religious perspectives on the origin and nature of life before Darwin's work, including concepts of fixed species and divine creation.

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Aristotle's scala naturae

Aristotle's idea of a linear hierarchy of organisms from simplest to most complex.

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Linnaeus's taxonomy

A hierarchical system of classifying organisms based on shared characteristics.

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Lamarck's theory of evolution

A theory that proposed that organisms adapt to their environments through the use and disuse of organs, and those adaptations are inherited (wrong idea).

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Spontaneous generation

The idea that living things can arise from non-living matter.

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Acquired characteristics

Traits developed during an organism's lifetime that are not genetically determined.

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Fixed species

The idea that species remain unchanged over time.

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Great chain of being

A linear hierarchical arrangement of all beings.

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Evolutionary Change

Changes in the frequency of specific gene variants within a population over time, leading to changes in characteristics.

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Artificial Selection

Process where humans intentionally breed organisms with desired traits, leading to changes in a population.

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Sexual Selection

A type of natural selection where individuals with desirable traits are more likely to find mates, passing these traits on to offspring.

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Intrasexual Selection

Competition between members of the same sex (usually males) for access to mates.

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Intersexual Selection

One sex (usually females) choosing a mate based on specific qualities in the opposite sex.

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Epigenetics

Heritable changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, influenced by environmental factors.

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Uniformitarianism

The idea that geological processes operating today are the same as those that have shaped Earth throughout its history.

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Paleontology

The study of ancient life, primarily through fossils.

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Georges Cuvier

A prominent paleontologist who recognized that fossils represented extinct species, challenging the idea that life was fixed.

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Darwin-Wallace Theory

A joint theory of evolution by natural selection, explaining how organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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Variation within a Species

The diversity of traits among individuals of a species.

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DNA Sequence Change

A modification to the order of nucleotides (A, T, C, G) within the DNA of an organism. These changes form the basis of genetic diversity.

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Natural Selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted organisms, passing their advantageous traits to their offspring.

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Adaptive Radiation

The rapid diversification of a single ancestral lineage into multiple species, each adapted to a different ecological niche.

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Darwin's Finches

A classic example of adaptive radiation illustrating how ancestral finches on the Galapagos Islands evolved into diverse species with specialized beak shapes adapted to different food sources.

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Speciation

The process by which new species arise from existing ones as populations become reproductively isolated and evolve independently, leading to genetic divergence.

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Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms (RIMs)

Barriers that prevent interbreeding between populations, leading to the formation of new species. These can be pre-zygotic (before fertilization) or post-zygotic (after fertilization).

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Pre-Zygotic RIMs

Reproductive isolation mechanisms that prevent the formation of a hybrid zygote by preventing mating or fertilization. Examples include geographical, ecological, and behavioral isolation.

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Post-Zygotic RIMs

Reproductive isolation mechanisms that act after fertilization, often resulting in hybrid inviability, sterility, or reduced fitness. These mechanisms contribute to the formation of new species.

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