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Questions and Answers
What is the relationship between the body and spirit according to Descartes?
What is the relationship between the body and spirit according to Descartes?
- The body is controlled by the spirit, which is produced from cellular activity in the brain
- The body and spirit are separate entities that do not interact with each other
- The body and spirit are both material and follow the laws of nature
- The body works like a machine with material properties, while the spirit is nonmaterial and does not follow the laws of nature (correct)
What is the pineal gland believed to be according to Descartes?
What is the pineal gland believed to be according to Descartes?
- The seat of the soul (correct)
- A non-essential part of the brain with no specific function
- A gland responsible for hormone regulation
- The producer of the mind from cellular activity in the brain
In Descartes' dualism, what is the interaction between theology and physics?
In Descartes' dualism, what is the interaction between theology and physics?
- The belief that theology influences physical processes in the body
- The complete separation of theology and physics
- The belief that physical processes in the body influence theological aspects
- The belief that psychological and biological processes are separate phenomena (correct)
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily associated with processing visual information?
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily associated with processing visual information?
In stages of neural development, what does 'proliferation' refer to?
In stages of neural development, what does 'proliferation' refer to?
What is the term for the process of selective cell death and synapse elimination?
What is the term for the process of selective cell death and synapse elimination?
Which term describes the period of overproduction followed by synapse pruning/elimination?
Which term describes the period of overproduction followed by synapse pruning/elimination?
In genetic terms, what does 'genotype' refer to?
In genetic terms, what does 'genotype' refer to?
What is the term for the ability of the brain to change?
What is the term for the ability of the brain to change?
What is the process that covers neurons with myelin for faster transmission?
What is the process that covers neurons with myelin for faster transmission?
What does puberty encompass?
What does puberty encompass?
What is the impact of the hormone cascade during puberty?
What is the impact of the hormone cascade during puberty?
Why does the age of onset of puberty vary?
Why does the age of onset of puberty vary?
What continues to develop until late adolescence/early adulthood?
What continues to develop until late adolescence/early adulthood?
What psychological traits are associated with late maturing boys?
What psychological traits are associated with late maturing boys?
What is the cephalocaudal pattern of motor development?
What is the cephalocaudal pattern of motor development?
In the context of motor development, what is the nature of the unfolding of a genetically programmed sequence of events?
In the context of motor development, what is the nature of the unfolding of a genetically programmed sequence of events?
Why does the stepping reflex 'disappear' a few weeks after birth, only to return a few months later?
Why does the stepping reflex 'disappear' a few weeks after birth, only to return a few months later?
What did the experiment examining infants' stepping reflex reveal?
What did the experiment examining infants' stepping reflex reveal?
In the context of motor development, what did the discussion about the rate of stepping being limited by muscle strength suggest?
In the context of motor development, what did the discussion about the rate of stepping being limited by muscle strength suggest?
How might a parent's phenotype impact a child's phenotype?
How might a parent's phenotype impact a child's phenotype?
What is the primary reason for examining changes in a boy's height at yearly intervals from birth to 18 years?
What is the primary reason for examining changes in a boy's height at yearly intervals from birth to 18 years?
In the context of brain development, what is the significance of less synaptic pruning in a 10-year-old compared to a 17-year-old?
In the context of brain development, what is the significance of less synaptic pruning in a 10-year-old compared to a 17-year-old?
What might be the consequence of significant synaptic pruning in an adolescent's brain?
What might be the consequence of significant synaptic pruning in an adolescent's brain?
In what way can activity vs passivity influence language development?
In what way can activity vs passivity influence language development?
How can Jessica quickly deduce which brain belongs to the 10-year-old and which brain belongs to the 17-year-old?
How can Jessica quickly deduce which brain belongs to the 10-year-old and which brain belongs to the 17-year-old?
Why might cohort comparison be more suitable than cross-sectional comparison for studying certain developmental aspects?
Why might cohort comparison be more suitable than cross-sectional comparison for studying certain developmental aspects?
What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous development?
What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous development?
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily associated with language comprehension?
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily associated with language comprehension?
During which step of neurogenesis/synaptic pruning do neurons migrate to destinations based on chemical programming to find 'friends'?
During which step of neurogenesis/synaptic pruning do neurons migrate to destinations based on chemical programming to find 'friends'?
What type of information is primarily processed in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex?
What type of information is primarily processed in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex?
In which part of the brain does synaptic density decrease as time goes on until adolescence?
In which part of the brain does synaptic density decrease as time goes on until adolescence?
What occurs during synaptogenesis in the context of neural development?
What occurs during synaptogenesis in the context of neural development?
In the context of motor development, what is the nature of the unfolding of a genetically programmed sequence of events?
In the context of motor development, what is the nature of the unfolding of a genetically programmed sequence of events?
What happens to synaptic density in the visual cortex as time goes on?
What happens to synaptic density in the visual cortex as time goes on?
What is the last step of neurogenesis and synaptic pruning?
What is the last step of neurogenesis and synaptic pruning?
According to dynamic systems theory, what does 'internal orchestrator' refer to in the context of development?
According to dynamic systems theory, what does 'internal orchestrator' refer to in the context of development?
What does dynamic systems theory propose as the driving force behind development?
What does dynamic systems theory propose as the driving force behind development?
In dynamic systems theory, what does the interconnected and interdependent nature of development suggest?
In dynamic systems theory, what does the interconnected and interdependent nature of development suggest?
How does dynamic systems theory explain individuals' development across contexts and timescales?
How does dynamic systems theory explain individuals' development across contexts and timescales?
What type of interventions does dynamic systems theory suggest considering for development?
What type of interventions does dynamic systems theory suggest considering for development?
According to dynamic systems theory, what example illustrates variability across context and timescales?
According to dynamic systems theory, what example illustrates variability across context and timescales?
What are the two characteristics associated with John Locke's views on development?
What are the two characteristics associated with John Locke's views on development?
What is the main concern of dynamic systems theory regarding development?
What is the main concern of dynamic systems theory regarding development?
Which concept refers to the period when neurons migrate to their destinations based on chemical programming and form connections with other neurons?
Which concept refers to the period when neurons migrate to their destinations based on chemical programming and form connections with other neurons?
What does the experiment involving exposing pregnant monkeys to unpredictable noises demonstrate?
What does the experiment involving exposing pregnant monkeys to unpredictable noises demonstrate?
In the context of development, which term describes the ability of the brain to change?
In the context of development, which term describes the ability of the brain to change?
What is the primary focus of the prenatal period in terms of sensory development?
What is the primary focus of the prenatal period in terms of sensory development?
Which process is characterized by overproduction of synapses followed by selective elimination or pruning?
Which process is characterized by overproduction of synapses followed by selective elimination or pruning?
Which theory emphasizes self-efficacy and self-actualization as a process of finding meaning?
Which theory emphasizes self-efficacy and self-actualization as a process of finding meaning?
Which theory is associated with the idea that an individual human's developmental trajectory exemplifies the evolutionary history of the species?
Which theory is associated with the idea that an individual human's developmental trajectory exemplifies the evolutionary history of the species?
Which theory focuses on how humans acquire, store, and manipulate information about the world around them?
Which theory focuses on how humans acquire, store, and manipulate information about the world around them?
Which theory is characterized by the belief that an individual's developmental trajectory reflects the evolutionary history of the species?
Which theory is characterized by the belief that an individual's developmental trajectory reflects the evolutionary history of the species?
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Study Notes
Relationship between Body and Spirit
- Descartes proposed dualism, viewing the body and spirit as distinct entities.
- The pineal gland, according to Descartes, is the point of interaction between the mind (spirit) and body.
Interaction of Theology and Physics in Dualism
- Descartes believed that theology and physics could coexist, with each adhering to its own principles.
- He emphasized the role of rational thought in understanding the universe, aligning physics with philosophical inquiry.
Cerebral Cortex and Visual Processing
- The occipital lobe is primarily associated with processing visual information.
- The temporal lobe is associated with language comprehension.
Neural Development Stages
- 'Proliferation' refers to the rapid generation of new neurons during neural development.
- Selective cell death and synapse elimination are termed 'apoptosis'.
Synaptic Overproduction and Pruning
- The period of overproduction followed by synapse pruning is known as 'synaptic pruning'.
- This process is crucial for refining neural connectivity and optimizing brain function.
Genetic Terms
- 'Genotype' refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, influencing various traits.
Brain Plasticity and Myelination
- Brain plasticity describes the brain's ability to change in response to experiences.
- Myelination is the process that coats neurons with myelin to facilitate faster transmission of signals.
Puberty and Hormonal Changes
- Puberty encompasses the physical and biological changes leading to sexual maturity.
- Hormone cascades during puberty trigger various developmental changes in the body.
Variability in Puberty Onset
- The age of onset of puberty varies due to genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors.
- Development continues until late adolescence and early adulthood.
Psychological Traits and Motor Development
- Late-maturing boys may exhibit traits such as increased sensitivity and social challenges.
- Cephalocaudal pattern refers to the development sequence from head to toe in motor skills.
Reflexes and Muscle Strength
- The stepping reflex disappears shortly after birth due to muscle strength limitations and returns as infants gain strength.
- Stepping reflex experiments outlined the role of physical readiness in motor skill emergence.
Phenotype Influences
- A parent's phenotype can affect a child's traits through genetic inheritance, impacting growth and development.
Height Changes in Boys
- Monitoring height changes yearly from birth to 18 years tracks growth patterns and potential health issues.
- Less synaptic pruning in younger children compared to older adolescents may indicate different developmental stages.
Consequences of Synaptic Pruning
- Significant synaptic pruning in adolescents can affect cognitive and emotional functions, potentially leading to mental health issues.
Language Development Influences
- Activity vs. passivity in childhood experiences significantly influences language development outcomes.
Age Comparison and Developmental Research
- Jessica can differentiate between the brains of a 10-year-old and 17-year-old by observing developmental markers.
- Cohort comparison is more suitable than cross-sectional comparison for understanding developmental trajectories.
Continuous vs. Discontinuous Development
- Continuous development suggests gradual changes, while discontinuous development proposes distinct stages.
Neurogenesis and Chemical Programming
- During neurogenesis, neurons migrate to their destinations based on chemical cues, forming connections with other neurons.
- Information processed primarily in the occipital lobe focuses on visual stimuli.
Synaptic Density Changes
- Synaptic density in the visual cortex decreases over time towards adolescence, indicating refinement of visual processing.
Dynamic Systems Theory
- The 'internal orchestrator' in dynamic systems theory refers to the innate regulatory processes driving development.
- Dynamic systems theory posits that a combination of interactions leads to developmental change.
Variability and Contextual Development
- Variability across contexts and timescales is illustrated within dynamic systems theory, emphasizing the need for adaptable interventions.
- John Locke emphasized the importance of environment and experience in shaping development.
Chemical Migration and Neuron Connection Development
- Neurons migrate based on chemical signals to establish connections with their "friends".
Prenatal Sensory Development and Change
- The prenatal period's primary focus is on sensory development and the establishment of foundational neural connections.
- Overproduction of synapses followed by selective pruning is termed synaptogenesis.
Theories of Development
- Theories such as self-efficacy focus on individual meaning-making processes within development.
- Evolutionary developmental psychology examines how human development reflects species evolution.
- The information processing theory focuses on how humans process, store, and manipulate knowledge.
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