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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between the body and spirit according to Descartes?

  • The body is controlled by the spirit, which is produced from cellular activity in the brain
  • The body and spirit are separate entities that do not interact with each other
  • The body and spirit are both material and follow the laws of nature
  • The body works like a machine with material properties, while the spirit is nonmaterial and does not follow the laws of nature (correct)

    • What is the pineal gland believed to be according to Descartes?

  • The seat of the soul (correct)
  • A non-essential part of the brain with no specific function
  • A gland responsible for hormone regulation
  • The producer of the mind from cellular activity in the brain

    • In Descartes' dualism, what is the interaction between theology and physics?

  • The belief that theology influences physical processes in the body
  • The complete separation of theology and physics
  • The belief that physical processes in the body influence theological aspects
  • The belief that psychological and biological processes are separate phenomena (correct)

    • Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily associated with processing visual information?

    <p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In stages of neural development, what does 'proliferation' refer to?

    <p>Rapid production of new cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of selective cell death and synapse elimination?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the period of overproduction followed by synapse pruning/elimination?

    <p>Synaptogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic terms, what does 'genotype' refer to?

    <p>What is in your DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of the brain to change?

    <p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that covers neurons with myelin for faster transmission?

    <p>Myelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does puberty encompass?

    <p>Physical and psychological changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the hormone cascade during puberty?

    <p>Hormone cascade leads to brain changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the age of onset of puberty vary?

    <p>Nutrition, stress, and weight gain can affect the age of onset of puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What continues to develop until late adolescence/early adulthood?

    <p>Emotional centers of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological traits are associated with late maturing boys?

    <p>More anxious, eager, attention seeking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cephalocaudal pattern of motor development?

    <p>Development from head control to walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of motor development, what is the nature of the unfolding of a genetically programmed sequence of events?

    <p>Nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the stepping reflex 'disappear' a few weeks after birth, only to return a few months later?

    <p>As they get older, infants carry more weight on their legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the experiment examining infants' stepping reflex reveal?

    <p>Heavier infants stepped less than lighter infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of motor development, what did the discussion about the rate of stepping being limited by muscle strength suggest?

    <p>Physical growth can significantly affect the phenotypes of infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might a parent's phenotype impact a child's phenotype?

    <p>By influencing the child's behavior and experiences, which in turn can affect gene expression in the child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for examining changes in a boy's height at yearly intervals from birth to 18 years?

    <p>To observe continuous and gradual growth patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of brain development, what is the significance of less synaptic pruning in a 10-year-old compared to a 17-year-old?

    <p>The 10-year-old will have denser neurons in the frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be the consequence of significant synaptic pruning in an adolescent's brain?

    <p>Enhanced neural plasticity and adaptability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can activity vs passivity influence language development?

    <p>Both activity and passivity lead to similar developmental outcomes in language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Jessica quickly deduce which brain belongs to the 10-year-old and which brain belongs to the 17-year-old?

    <p>By examining the density of neurons in the temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might cohort comparison be more suitable than cross-sectional comparison for studying certain developmental aspects?

    <p>Cohort comparison provides insights into age-related changes over time, while cross-sectional comparison does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous development?

    <p>Continuous development occurs smoothly and gradually, while discontinuous development occurs in distinct stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily associated with language comprehension?

    <p>Temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which step of neurogenesis/synaptic pruning do neurons migrate to destinations based on chemical programming to find 'friends'?

    <p>Migrate and aggregate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information is primarily processed in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Visual information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the brain does synaptic density decrease as time goes on until adolescence?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during synaptogenesis in the context of neural development?

    <p>Neurons undergo branching out for faster transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of motor development, what is the nature of the unfolding of a genetically programmed sequence of events?

    <p><strong>Motor development</strong> occurs in distinct stages or steps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to synaptic density in the visual cortex as time goes on?

    <p><strong>Synaptic density</strong> decreases over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the last step of neurogenesis and synaptic pruning?

    <p>Myelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to dynamic systems theory, what does 'internal orchestrator' refer to in the context of development?

    <p>Central controlling agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dynamic systems theory propose as the driving force behind development?

    <p>Self-organizing components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dynamic systems theory, what does the interconnected and interdependent nature of development suggest?

    <p>Influential interactions among components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dynamic systems theory explain individuals' development across contexts and timescales?

    <p>Increased variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interventions does dynamic systems theory suggest considering for development?

    <p>Dynamic and context-dependent interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to dynamic systems theory, what example illustrates variability across context and timescales?

    <p>'Exposure to diverse linguistic environments' impact on language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two characteristics associated with John Locke's views on development?

    <p>Nature and nurture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern of dynamic systems theory regarding development?

    <p>The interconnectedness and interdependence of developmental components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the period when neurons migrate to their destinations based on chemical programming and form connections with other neurons?

    <p>Neural migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the experiment involving exposing pregnant monkeys to unpredictable noises demonstrate?

    <p>Impact of teratogens during critical periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of development, which term describes the ability of the brain to change?

    <p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the prenatal period in terms of sensory development?

    <p>Development of senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is characterized by overproduction of synapses followed by selective elimination or pruning?

    <p>Synaptogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes self-efficacy and self-actualization as a process of finding meaning?

    <p>Humanistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory is associated with the idea that an individual human's developmental trajectory exemplifies the evolutionary history of the species?

    <p>Evolutionary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory focuses on how humans acquire, store, and manipulate information about the world around them?

    <p>Cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory is characterized by the belief that an individual's developmental trajectory reflects the evolutionary history of the species?

    <p>Evolutionary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Relationship between Body and Spirit

    • Descartes proposed dualism, viewing the body and spirit as distinct entities.
    • The pineal gland, according to Descartes, is the point of interaction between the mind (spirit) and body.

    Interaction of Theology and Physics in Dualism

    • Descartes believed that theology and physics could coexist, with each adhering to its own principles.
    • He emphasized the role of rational thought in understanding the universe, aligning physics with philosophical inquiry.

    Cerebral Cortex and Visual Processing

    • The occipital lobe is primarily associated with processing visual information.
    • The temporal lobe is associated with language comprehension.

    Neural Development Stages

    • 'Proliferation' refers to the rapid generation of new neurons during neural development.
    • Selective cell death and synapse elimination are termed 'apoptosis'.

    Synaptic Overproduction and Pruning

    • The period of overproduction followed by synapse pruning is known as 'synaptic pruning'.
    • This process is crucial for refining neural connectivity and optimizing brain function.

    Genetic Terms

    • 'Genotype' refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, influencing various traits.

    Brain Plasticity and Myelination

    • Brain plasticity describes the brain's ability to change in response to experiences.
    • Myelination is the process that coats neurons with myelin to facilitate faster transmission of signals.

    Puberty and Hormonal Changes

    • Puberty encompasses the physical and biological changes leading to sexual maturity.
    • Hormone cascades during puberty trigger various developmental changes in the body.

    Variability in Puberty Onset

    • The age of onset of puberty varies due to genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors.
    • Development continues until late adolescence and early adulthood.

    Psychological Traits and Motor Development

    • Late-maturing boys may exhibit traits such as increased sensitivity and social challenges.
    • Cephalocaudal pattern refers to the development sequence from head to toe in motor skills.

    Reflexes and Muscle Strength

    • The stepping reflex disappears shortly after birth due to muscle strength limitations and returns as infants gain strength.
    • Stepping reflex experiments outlined the role of physical readiness in motor skill emergence.

    Phenotype Influences

    • A parent's phenotype can affect a child's traits through genetic inheritance, impacting growth and development.

    Height Changes in Boys

    • Monitoring height changes yearly from birth to 18 years tracks growth patterns and potential health issues.
    • Less synaptic pruning in younger children compared to older adolescents may indicate different developmental stages.

    Consequences of Synaptic Pruning

    • Significant synaptic pruning in adolescents can affect cognitive and emotional functions, potentially leading to mental health issues.

    Language Development Influences

    • Activity vs. passivity in childhood experiences significantly influences language development outcomes.

    Age Comparison and Developmental Research

    • Jessica can differentiate between the brains of a 10-year-old and 17-year-old by observing developmental markers.
    • Cohort comparison is more suitable than cross-sectional comparison for understanding developmental trajectories.

    Continuous vs. Discontinuous Development

    • Continuous development suggests gradual changes, while discontinuous development proposes distinct stages.

    Neurogenesis and Chemical Programming

    • During neurogenesis, neurons migrate to their destinations based on chemical cues, forming connections with other neurons.
    • Information processed primarily in the occipital lobe focuses on visual stimuli.

    Synaptic Density Changes

    • Synaptic density in the visual cortex decreases over time towards adolescence, indicating refinement of visual processing.

    Dynamic Systems Theory

    • The 'internal orchestrator' in dynamic systems theory refers to the innate regulatory processes driving development.
    • Dynamic systems theory posits that a combination of interactions leads to developmental change.

    Variability and Contextual Development

    • Variability across contexts and timescales is illustrated within dynamic systems theory, emphasizing the need for adaptable interventions.
    • John Locke emphasized the importance of environment and experience in shaping development.

    Chemical Migration and Neuron Connection Development

    • Neurons migrate based on chemical signals to establish connections with their "friends".

    Prenatal Sensory Development and Change

    • The prenatal period's primary focus is on sensory development and the establishment of foundational neural connections.
    • Overproduction of synapses followed by selective pruning is termed synaptogenesis.

    Theories of Development

    • Theories such as self-efficacy focus on individual meaning-making processes within development.
    • Evolutionary developmental psychology examines how human development reflects species evolution.
    • The information processing theory focuses on how humans process, store, and manipulate knowledge.

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    Description

    Explore the concept of body and spirit connection in biological processes, as proposed by Descartes. Understand the idea of dualism and how it intertwines theology and physics. Delve into the role of the pineal gland and cerebral cortex in relation to the mind and body.

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