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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of amphoteric substances?
What is the primary characteristic of amphoteric substances?
- They only act as acids.
- They exclusively accept protons.
- They can either act as acids or bases. (correct)
- They are always neutral in solution.
What does molarity measure in a solution?
What does molarity measure in a solution?
- Grams of solute per kilogram of solvent.
- Grams of solute per gram of solution.
- Grams of solute per mole of solvent.
- Grams of solute per liter of solution. (correct)
Which of the following statements correctly describes passive transport?
Which of the following statements correctly describes passive transport?
- Substances move along the concentration gradient without energy usage. (correct)
- It requires energy to move substances against the concentration gradient.
- It can only occur for small, nonpolar molecules.
- It involves the active pumping of substances into the cell.
What property defines an allotropic element?
What property defines an allotropic element?
What characterizes a deliquescent substance?
What characterizes a deliquescent substance?
What does normality measure in a solution?
What does normality measure in a solution?
What is the enthalpy of a system primarily related to?
What is the enthalpy of a system primarily related to?
What is the purpose of mass spectrophotometry?
What is the purpose of mass spectrophotometry?
What is the product of an acid reacting with a base?
What is the product of an acid reacting with a base?
Which of the following processes involves the formation of soap?
Which of the following processes involves the formation of soap?
Which statement is true about isotopes?
Which statement is true about isotopes?
Which of the following is identified as the most abundant gas in the air?
Which of the following is identified as the most abundant gas in the air?
Which one of the following is classified as an alkali?
Which one of the following is classified as an alkali?
What is a characteristic of a meso compound?
What is a characteristic of a meso compound?
Which term describes two compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements?
Which term describes two compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements?
Which element is the rarest as mentioned in the content?
Which element is the rarest as mentioned in the content?
What is the characteristic of a closed system in thermodynamics?
What is the characteristic of a closed system in thermodynamics?
Which statement accurately describes a weak base according to the Bronsted-Lowry theory?
Which statement accurately describes a weak base according to the Bronsted-Lowry theory?
What does the term 'pH' represent in the context of acids and bases?
What does the term 'pH' represent in the context of acids and bases?
What is the function of the Arrhenius concept of acids and bases?
What is the function of the Arrhenius concept of acids and bases?
Which of the following statements correctly describes an open system?
Which of the following statements correctly describes an open system?
Which law states that the total energy in an isolated system remains constant?
Which law states that the total energy in an isolated system remains constant?
Which equation represents the boiling point elevation in solutions?
Which equation represents the boiling point elevation in solutions?
What is the behavior of acids according to the Lewis definition?
What is the behavior of acids according to the Lewis definition?
What is the characteristic of an isobaric process in thermodynamics?
What is the characteristic of an isobaric process in thermodynamics?
Which of the following describes the Nernst Heat theorem?
Which of the following describes the Nernst Heat theorem?
How is the freezing point depression calculated according to colligative properties?
How is the freezing point depression calculated according to colligative properties?
What identifies a weak acid in terms of its pH level?
What identifies a weak acid in terms of its pH level?
Which principle states that the entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous process?
Which principle states that the entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous process?
Which law describes the relationship between volume and temperature in an ideal gas?
Which law describes the relationship between volume and temperature in an ideal gas?
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Study Notes
Biological Processes
- Phagocytosis: Also known as "cell eating," a method for cells to engulf large particles and microorganisms.
- Pinocytosis: Referred to as "cell drinking," involves the ingestion of liquid into cells.
Chemical Cleanup and Reactions
- Hg spill cleanup: Use sulfur powder to effectively clean up mercury spills.
- Copper: Essential for the release and storage of iron in biological systems.
Scientific Principles and Techniques
- Tyndall effect: Phenomenon of light scattering observed in colloidal solutions.
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): A technique used to determine the conformation of organic molecules.
- Mass spectrophotometry: Instrument used to ascertain the mass of organic molecules.
- Polarimetry: Measures the optical rotation of chiral molecules.
Concentration Measurements
- Molality: Defined as grams of solute per kilogram of solvent.
- Molarity: Grams of solute per liter of solution.
- Normality: Grams equivalent of solute per liter of solution.
- Formality: Grams formula of solute per liter of solution.
Laboratory Apparatus
- Cassia flask: Utilized for assaying aldehyde, ketone, and phenolic volatile oils.
- Acetylation flask: Designed for assaying alcohol volatile oils.
Chemical Properties
- Sulfanilamide: Known for its antimicrobial activity in Protonsil, aided by its red dye.
- Hygroscopic substances: Materials that absorb moisture without dissolving.
- Deliquescent compounds: Substances that absorb moisture from the air and dissolve.
Transport Mechanisms
- Passive transport: Energy-free process; substances move from high to low concentration.
- Facilitated diffusion: Carrier-mediated and saturable passive transport.
- Active transport: Requires ATP, moving substances from low to high concentration, also carrier-mediated and saturable.
Material Classification
- Allotropic: Elements that exist in different crystalline forms.
- Polymorphic: Compounds existing in different crystalline forms.
- Amorphous materials: Lack a defined crystal structure.
Thermodynamic Concepts
- Enthalpy: Represents the total heat content of a system.
- Entropy: Measures the degree of molecular randomness in a system.
Phase Changes
- Heat of Fusion: Energy required to convert one gram of solid to liquid at constant temperature.
- Latent heat: Heat absorbed or released during a phase change without a temperature change.
Significant Chemical Compounds
- Quartz: Known as silicon dioxide.
- Magnesia: Refers to magnesium oxide.
- Carbonic acid gas: Commonly identified as carbon dioxide.
Colorimetric Tests
- Turnbull’s blue: Represents ferrous ferricyanide.
- Prussian blue: Signifies ferric ferrocyanide.
- Barium sulfate: Used as a radiopaque contrast medium.
Biological Absorption and Excretion
- Small intestines: Primary site for drug absorption.
- Liver: Main organ for drug metabolism.
- Kidney: Responsible for drug excretion.
Acid-Base Properties
- Acids: Sour taste, change blue litmus to red.
- Bases: Bitter taste, change red litmus to blue.
Electron Configuration Rules
- Pauli Exclusion Principle: No two electrons in an atom can share the same four quantum numbers.
- Hund’s Rule: Electrons fill orbitals singly before pairing up.
Periodic Table Historical Contributions
- Antoine Lavosier: Established the law of conservation of mass.
- Dmitri Mendeleev: Developed the periodic table according to atomic weight.
- Henry Moseley: Revamped the periodic table based on atomic number.
Radioactive Isotopes and Their Uses
- Cr-51: Used to measure RBC volume and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
- Ra-226: Employed in cancer therapy.
Acid-Base Theories
- Arrhenius theory: Defines acids as H⁺ donors and bases as OH⁻ donors.
- Bronsted-Lowry theory: An acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor.
Buffer Systems
- Borate Buffer System: Used in ophthalmic and nasal preparations.
Unique Elements
- Astatine (At): Noted as the rarest element.
- Hydrogen (H): Most abundant element in the universe.
Functional Isomers and Chirality
- Functional isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different linkages.
- Chiral vs. Achiral: Chiral compounds are non-superimposable mirror images, while achiral compounds are superimposable.
Medicine and Pharmacology
- Streptomycin: The first aminoglycoside used in chemotherapy.
- Dextromorphan: An antitussive agent used as a codeine alternative.
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