Biological and Chemical Processes Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of amphoteric substances?

They only act as acids.

They exclusively accept protons.

They can either act as acids or bases. (correct)

They are always neutral in solution.

What does molarity measure in a solution?

Grams of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Grams of solute per gram of solution.

Grams of solute per mole of solvent.

Grams of solute per liter of solution. (correct)

Which of the following statements correctly describes passive transport?

Substances move along the concentration gradient without energy usage. (correct)

It requires energy to move substances against the concentration gradient.

It can only occur for small, nonpolar molecules.

It involves the active pumping of substances into the cell.

What property defines an allotropic element?

It can exist in two or more crystalline forms. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a deliquescent substance?

It absorbs moisture and dissolves in it. Signup and view all the answers

What does normality measure in a solution?

Grams of solute per liter of solution based on equivalent factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the enthalpy of a system primarily related to?

The heat content of the system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of mass spectrophotometry?

To determine the mass of organic molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of an acid reacting with a base?

Salt and water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes involves the formation of soap?

Saponification Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about isotopes?

They have the same number of protons. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is identified as the most abundant gas in the air?

Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is classified as an alkali?

Sodium hydroxide Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a meso compound?

Achiral and symmetrical Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes two compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements?

Functional isomer Signup and view all the answers

Which element is the rarest as mentioned in the content?

Astatine Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a closed system in thermodynamics?

Allows exchange of energy only Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a weak base according to the Bronsted-Lowry theory?

Proton acceptor Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pH' represent in the context of acids and bases?

The concentration of hydrogen ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Arrhenius concept of acids and bases?

Defines acids as substances that produce H+ in solution and bases that produce OH- Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes an open system?

Allows exchange of both matter and energy Signup and view all the answers

Which law states that the total energy in an isolated system remains constant?

First Law of Thermodynamics Signup and view all the answers

Which equation represents the boiling point elevation in solutions?

ΔTb = Kb·m Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavior of acids according to the Lewis definition?

Electron acceptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an isobaric process in thermodynamics?

Pressure remains constant Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Nernst Heat theorem?

The entropy of a perfect crystalline substance is zero at absolute zero Signup and view all the answers

How is the freezing point depression calculated according to colligative properties?

ΔTf = Kfm Signup and view all the answers

What identifies a weak acid in terms of its pH level?

pH below 7 Signup and view all the answers

Which principle states that the entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous process?

Second Law of Thermodynamics Signup and view all the answers

Which law describes the relationship between volume and temperature in an ideal gas?

Charles's Law Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biological Processes

Phagocytosis: Also known as "cell eating," a method for cells to engulf large particles and microorganisms.
Pinocytosis: Referred to as "cell drinking," involves the ingestion of liquid into cells.

Chemical Cleanup and Reactions

Hg spill cleanup: Use sulfur powder to effectively clean up mercury spills.
Copper: Essential for the release and storage of iron in biological systems.

Scientific Principles and Techniques

Tyndall effect: Phenomenon of light scattering observed in colloidal solutions.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): A technique used to determine the conformation of organic molecules.
Mass spectrophotometry: Instrument used to ascertain the mass of organic molecules.
Polarimetry: Measures the optical rotation of chiral molecules.

Concentration Measurements

Molality: Defined as grams of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Molarity: Grams of solute per liter of solution.
Normality: Grams equivalent of solute per liter of solution.
Formality: Grams formula of solute per liter of solution.

Laboratory Apparatus

Cassia flask: Utilized for assaying aldehyde, ketone, and phenolic volatile oils.
Acetylation flask: Designed for assaying alcohol volatile oils.

Chemical Properties

Sulfanilamide: Known for its antimicrobial activity in Protonsil, aided by its red dye.
Hygroscopic substances: Materials that absorb moisture without dissolving.
Deliquescent compounds: Substances that absorb moisture from the air and dissolve.

Transport Mechanisms

Passive transport: Energy-free process; substances move from high to low concentration.
Facilitated diffusion: Carrier-mediated and saturable passive transport.
Active transport: Requires ATP, moving substances from low to high concentration, also carrier-mediated and saturable.

Material Classification

Allotropic: Elements that exist in different crystalline forms.
Polymorphic: Compounds existing in different crystalline forms.
Amorphous materials: Lack a defined crystal structure.

Thermodynamic Concepts

Enthalpy: Represents the total heat content of a system.
Entropy: Measures the degree of molecular randomness in a system.

Phase Changes

Heat of Fusion: Energy required to convert one gram of solid to liquid at constant temperature.
Latent heat: Heat absorbed or released during a phase change without a temperature change.

Significant Chemical Compounds

Quartz: Known as silicon dioxide.
Magnesia: Refers to magnesium oxide.
Carbonic acid gas: Commonly identified as carbon dioxide.

Colorimetric Tests

Turnbull’s blue: Represents ferrous ferricyanide.
Prussian blue: Signifies ferric ferrocyanide.
Barium sulfate: Used as a radiopaque contrast medium.

Biological Absorption and Excretion

Small intestines: Primary site for drug absorption.
Liver: Main organ for drug metabolism.
Kidney: Responsible for drug excretion.

Acid-Base Properties

Acids: Sour taste, change blue litmus to red.
Bases: Bitter taste, change red litmus to blue.

Electron Configuration Rules

Pauli Exclusion Principle: No two electrons in an atom can share the same four quantum numbers.
Hund’s Rule: Electrons fill orbitals singly before pairing up.

Periodic Table Historical Contributions

Antoine Lavosier: Established the law of conservation of mass.
Dmitri Mendeleev: Developed the periodic table according to atomic weight.
Henry Moseley: Revamped the periodic table based on atomic number.

Radioactive Isotopes and Their Uses

Cr-51: Used to measure RBC volume and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Ra-226: Employed in cancer therapy.

Acid-Base Theories

Arrhenius theory: Defines acids as H⁺ donors and bases as OH⁻ donors.
Bronsted-Lowry theory: An acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor.

Buffer Systems

Borate Buffer System: Used in ophthalmic and nasal preparations.

Unique Elements

Astatine (At): Noted as the rarest element.
Hydrogen (H): Most abundant element in the universe.

Functional Isomers and Chirality

Functional isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different linkages.
Chiral vs. Achiral: Chiral compounds are non-superimposable mirror images, while achiral compounds are superimposable.

Medicine and Pharmacology

Streptomycin: The first aminoglycoside used in chemotherapy.
Dextromorphan: An antitussive agent used as a codeine alternative.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key biological processes like phagocytosis and pinocytosis, as well as important chemical cleanup methods and scientific techniques. Explore concepts like the Tyndall effect, NMR, and concentration measurements such as molality and molarity. This quiz is designed for students studying biology and chemistry.