Biological Organization and Energy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Match the levels of biological organization with their descriptions:

Cell = Smallest structural and functional unit of an organism Organ system = Group of organs that work together for a common purpose Community = Interacting populations Ecosystem = Community of populations interacting with the physical environment

Match the terms related to energy and metabolism with their definitions:

Metabolism = All of the chemical reactions that occur within cells Photosynthesis = Used by plants to convert sunlight into chemical energy Nutrients = Substances that provide energy and building blocks for the body Energy = Capacity to do work

Match the types of organisms with their cell structure:

Single-celled organisms = Composed of one cell Multicellular organisms = Composed of many cells, like humans Plants = Organisms that perform photosynthesis Bacteria = Microorganisms that can be single-celled

Match the components of the biosphere with their characteristics:

<p>Species = Group of interbreeding organisms Population = Members of one species in a particular area Biosphere = All of the Earth’s ecosystems Tissue = Group of similar cells performing a specific function</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the processes involved in energy acquisition with their definitions:

<p>Eating = Acquiring materials and energy for the body Photosynthesis = Converts solar energy into chemical energy Metabolism = Uses nutrients to maintain essential body functions Cellular respiration = Process of converting nutrients into energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of biological organization with their correct sequences:

<p>Atom = Basic unit of matter Molecule = Atoms joined together Organism = Collection of organ systems Community = Interactions of various populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics of living organisms with their descriptions:

<p>Metabolism = Chemical reactions within cells for energy Growth = Increase in size and number of cells Reproduction = Ability to produce new similar organisms Response to stimuli = Ability to react to environmental changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the features of ecosystems with their definitions:

<p>Community = Group of different populations in a specific area Habitat = Natural environment where an organism lives Biotic factors = Living components of an ecosystem Abiotic factors = Non-living physical and chemical parts of the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the biological processes with their definitions:

<p>Homeostasis = Constant internal environment Evolution = Population changes over time Natural selection = Process by which evolution occurs Adaptation = Advantageous variations in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the levels of biological organization with their examples:

<p>Cell = Basic unit of life Tissue = Group of similar cells Organ = Collection of tissues performing a function Organism = Individual living entity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of genetic information with their descriptions:

<p>DNA = Genetic information of all life Genes = Short segments that specify traits Mutations = Variations in genes Hereditary information = Directs structure and function of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the domains of life with their characteristics:

<p>Bacteria = Single-celled prokaryotes Archaea = Prokaryotes found in extreme environments Eukarya = Organisms with a nucleus Prokaryotes = Organisms lacking a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of reproduction and development with their definitions:

<p>Reproduction = Passing on genetic information Growth = Increase in size and number of cells Development = Changes from fertilization to death Repair = Restoration after injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to stimuli responses with their examples:

<p>External stimuli = Removing hand from a hot stove Internal stimuli = Adjustments to blood pressure Response = Reaction to stimuli Homeostasis = Maintaining stable internal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts of genetics with their implications:

<p>Beneficial mutations = Make organisms better suited for environment Evolutionary basis = Foundation for changes in populations Genetic information = Instructions for cellular structure and function Trait specification = Determined by genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the organisms with how they reproduce:

<p>Prokaryotes = Asexual reproduction Eukaryotes = Sexual reproduction Plants = Can reproduce both sexually and asexually Humans = Sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cellular organelles with their functions:

<p>Mitochondria = Convert glucose into ATP Cilia = Movement of cells or fluids Flagella = Propulsion of sperm cells Enzymes = Speed up chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of RNA with their primary functions:

<p>mRNA = Transcribes genetic information from DNA tRNA = Transfers amino acids during protein synthesis rRNA = Forms the core of ribosomes siRNA = Involved in gene silencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their meanings:

<p>Active site = Region where substrate binds on an enzyme Coenzymes = Nonprotein molecules aiding enzyme function Hydrolysis = Breaking down molecules using water Substrate = Molecule upon which an enzyme acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following metabolic terms with their definitions:

<p>Metabolism = All chemical reactions occurring in the body Cellular respiration = Conversion of glucose to ATP Anabolism = Building up of molecules Catabolism = Breaking down of molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of ATP with their roles:

<p>Adenosine = The base of ATP molecule Triphosphate = Energy-storing part of ATP Phosphate = Released during ATP breakdown ADP = Product formed when ATP loses a phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vitamins with their associated coenzyme roles:

<p>Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) = Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) = Coenzyme in redox reactions Vitamin B3 (Niacin) = Coenzyme in energy production Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) = Precursor for CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their contributions to metabolism:

<p>Glycolysis = Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate Krebs cycle = Produces ATP and electron carriers Oxidative phosphorylation = Generates ATP using electron transport Fermentation = Anaerobic process producing lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts related to enzymes with their descriptions:

<p>Enzyme specificity = Enzymes act on specific substrates Activation energy = Energy required to start a reaction Reusability of enzymes = Not used up in reactions, can be reused Enzyme inhibitors = Substances that decrease enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the body cavity with its corresponding covering membrane:

<p>Thoracic cavity = Pleurae Heart = Pericardium Abdominal cavity = Peritoneum Brain and spinal cord = Meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the body system with its primary function:

<p>Nervous system = Rapid coordination of body functions Endocrine system = Long-lasting chemical signaling Musculoskeletal system = Movement and support Circulatory system = Transport of nutrients and waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of membrane with its defining characteristic:

<p>Synovial membrane = Lines freely movable joints Meninges = Surrounds the brain and spinal cord Pleurae = Covers the lungs Peritoneum = Covers abdominal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the internal environment component with its function:

<p>Blood = Delivers oxygen and nutrients Interstitial fluid = Exchanges substances with body cells Lymph = Supports immune functions Plasma = Transports blood cells and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the feedback mechanism type with its description:

<p>Negative feedback = Primary mechanism that maintains homeostasis Positive feedback = Amplifies a response until a specific event occurs Sensor = Detects changes in the internal environment Control center = Processes information and initiates a response</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bodily conditions with their maintained range:

<p>Blood glucose = Narrow range of normal values Body temperature = Approximately $37^{ ext{°C}}$ or $98.6^{ ext{°F}}$ pH level = Around neutral, $7.4$ for blood Carbon dioxide levels = Within normal respiratory limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of fluid with its location:

<p>Blood = Within blood vessels Interstitial fluid = Surrounds body cells Synovial fluid = Within joint cavities Lymph fluid = In lymphatic vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the organ system with its coordinating role:

<p>Nervous system = Quick response to stimuli Endocrine system = Long-term regulation Digestive system = Nutrient absorption Respiratory system = Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Diffusion = Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration Osmosis = Diffusion of water molecules Hypotonic solution = Solution with fewer solutes than the cell Hypertonic solution = Solution with more solutes than the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of transport with their characteristics:

<p>Facilitated diffusion = Passive movement with assistance of proteins Active transport = Movement against the concentration gradient requiring energy Endocytosis = Process of taking substances into the cell Exocytosis = Process of expelling substances from the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following molecules with their permeability through the plasma membrane:

<p>Oxygen = Freely passes through the membrane Ions = Require assistance to cross the membrane Large molecules = Need help passing through Water = Can cross via aquaporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with the correct terms:

<p>Equilibrium = State when molecules are equally distributed Isotonic solution = Same concentration of impermeable solutes as cells Crenation = Shrinking of cells in a hypertonic solution Lysis = Bursting of cells in a hypotonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following transport mechanisms with their examples:

<p>Diffusion = Movement of oxygen into cells Osmosis = Water moving into cells Active transport = Sodium-potassium pump Facilitated diffusion = Glucose transport through a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their related processes:

<p>Passive transport = No energy required for movement Active transport = Requires ATP to function Aquaporins = Channels for water movement Concentration gradient = Difference in the concentration of a substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following solutions with their effects on cells:

<p>Hypotonic = Cells swell and may burst Hypertonic = Cells shrink Isotonic = Cells remain the same size Aquaporin-assisted = Facilitates water movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following water movement characteristics with their correct descriptions:

<p>High to low concentration = Characteristic of osmosis Equal movement in both directions = Occurs at equilibrium Molecules move randomly = Characteristic of diffusion No energy required = Characteristic of passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Levels of Biological Organization

  • Atoms join together to form molecules.
  • Cells are the smallest structural and functional units, some organisms are single-celled while humans are multicellular.
  • Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.
  • Organs are composed of several tissue types.
  • Organ systems are composed of organs working together for a common purpose.
  • Organisms are collections of organ systems.
  • A species is a group of interbreeding organisms.
  • A population is the members of one species in a particular area.
  • A community is comprised of interacting populations.
  • An ecosystem is comprised of a community interacting with the physical environment.
  • The biosphere is composed of all of the Earth’s ecosystems.

Life Requires Materials and Energy

  • Energy is the capacity to do work.
  • Humans acquire materials and energy by eating, which provides nutrients for building blocks and energy to maintain the body’s essential functions and physical tasks.
  • Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions occurring within cells.
  • The ultimate source of energy for life on Earth is the sun.
  • Photosynthesis, used by plants, algae, and some bacteria, harvests energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy, producing sugars that form the basis of the food chain for other organisms.

Living Organisms Maintain an Internal Environment

  • Homeostasis refers to a constant internal environment maintained by most organ systems.
  • Homeostasis is maintained through responses to stimuli, both external (e.g., removing one's hand from a hot stove) and internal (e.g., adjustments to blood pressure in response to values outside of normal).

Living Organisms Reproduce and Develop

  • Organisms reproduce, passing on genetic information to the next generation.
  • Growth is an increase in size and number of cells.
  • Development encompasses all changes from fertilization until death, including childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and repair after injury.
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains the hereditary information that directs structure and function of all cells.
  • Genes are short segments of DNA that specify traits.
  • Mutations, variations in genes, can be beneficial and make organisms better suited for their environment (this is the basis for evolution).

Organisms Have an Evolutionary History

  • Evolution describes how a population changes over time.
  • Natural selection is the process by which evolution occurs, where new variations allow organisms to capture more resources, leading to more offspring for those individuals.
  • Adaptation refers to a population having more individuals with advantageous variations over time.
  • All life is classified into one of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
  • Bacteria and Archaea contain prokaryotes, single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus.
  • Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus.

Metabolic Pathways

  • Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions in the body.
  • Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions, often named for the molecules they work on (called substrates).
  • The active site of an enzyme is where the substrate binds, imparting specificity.
  • Enzymes are not used up in a reaction and are reused.
  • Enzymes lower the energy of activation, the energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
  • Some enzymes are aided by nonprotein molecules called coenzymes.
  • Vitamins are often components of coenzymes.

Mitochondria and Cellular Respiration

  • Mitochondria convert chemical energy stored in glucose into chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
  • Cellular respiration uses up O2 and gives off CO2.
  • Mitochondria have an inner and outer membrane, with the inner membrane folded into cristae that contain enzymes for cellular respiration reactions.

ATP-ADP Cycle

  • The ATP-ADP cycle describes the production of ATP in a cell.
  • When energy is needed, ATP is broken down into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate.
  • When energy is obtained from food, it is used to add a phosphate back onto ADP to make ATP.
  • This cycle repeats, allowing some substances in the cell while keeping others out.

Selective Permeability of the Plasma Membrane

  • The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, meaning it allows some things in while keeping others out.
  • Small, hydrophobic substances pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer, e.g., gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  • Ions and large molecules require help passing through.
  • Water can cross the membrane by passing through channels called aquaporins.

Ways Substances Cross the Plasma Membrane

  • Substances cross the plasma membrane through diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis and exocytosis.
  • Diffusion is the random movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration until they are equally distributed.
  • Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from high to low water concentration.
  • Facilitated diffusion involves the movement of substances across a cell membrane with the help of transport proteins but does not require energy.
  • Active transport actively moves substances across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
  • Endocytosis is a process where a cell engulfs substances and brings them into the cell.
  • Exocytosis is a process where a cell releases substances from the cell.

Osmosis

  • Osmosis is driven by osmotic pressure, which refers to the pressure needed to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.
  • Body fluids are normally isotonic to cells, meaning they have the same concentration of impermeable solutes and cells do not change in size.
  • Hypotonic solutions have fewer solutes, causing cells to swell and potentially burst (lysis).
  • Hypertonic solutions have more solutes, causing cells to shrink (crenation).

Body Membranes

  • Body membranes line closed cavities and cover the surface of organs contained within.
  • Serous membranes are composed of a thin layer of epithelial tissue and a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. They line closed body cavities and cover the surface of the organs contained within.
  • Mucous membranes line cavities open to the exterior and include a layer of epithelial tissue and a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. They secrete mucus, which helps to lubricate and protect the cavities.
  • Cutaneous membranes, or skin, are composed of stratified squamous epithelium and a dense connective tissue layer. They protect the body from injury, infection, and dehydration.
  • Synovial membranes are composed only of loose connective tissue and line freely movable joints. They secrete synovial fluid for lubrication.
  • Meninges are composed only of connective tissue and are located in the dorsal cavity (around the brain and spinal cord). Inflammation of the meninges is called meningitis.

Homeostasis

  • Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment.
  • Various conditions within the body are maintained within a relatively narrow range of normal values, including blood glucose, pH, and body temperature.
  • If conditions vary too much, illness can result.

The Internal Environment

  • The internal environment has two parts: blood and interstitial fluid.
  • Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away carbon dioxide and wastes.
  • Interstitial fluid surrounds body cells, and substances are exchanged through it.
  • Body systems work together to keep these substances within the range of normalcy.

The Body Systems and Homeostasis

  • The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate the other organ systems.
  • The nervous system is faster, but the effects of the endocrine system last longer.
  • The endocrine system secretes hormones, chemical messengers that travel in blood.

Mechanisms for Maintaining Homeostasis

  • Homeostasis is maintained through negative and positive feedback.
  • Negative feedback is the primary mechanism used in the body and has two components: a sensor and a control center.

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Test your knowledge on the levels of biological organization, from atoms to ecosystems. Explore how life requires materials and energy, and understand the interconnections within living systems. This quiz covers essential concepts in biology that are foundational for understanding life.

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