Biological Organisation Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of these is NOT a level of biological organization?

  • Cells
  • Ecosystems (correct)
  • Organisms
  • Tissues

    • The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food and eliminating waste.

    True (A)

    What is the name of the biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in the body?

    Enzymes

    The process of an enzyme losing its shape due to extreme conditions is called ______.

    <p>denaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following digestive enzymes with their primary function:

    <p>Amylase = Breaks down proteins Protease = Breaks down fats Lipase = Breaks down starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions increase lipase activity?

    <p>Neutral pH (B), High surface area of emulsified fats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart pumps blood in a single circulatory system.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lungs?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ are responsible for carrying blood away from the heart.

    <p>arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood components with their primary functions:

    <p>Red blood cells = Carry oxygen White blood cells = Fight infection Platelets = Help clot blood Plasma = Transports nutrients, hormones, and waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these blood vessels carries blood back to the heart?

    <p>Veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trachea is responsible for transporting air from the lungs to the mouth and nose.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a group of cells in the heart that controls the heartbeat.

    <p>natural pacemaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the blood cell type with its primary function:

    <p>Red blood cells = Fight infections White blood cells = Transport oxygen Platelets = Help with blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Organisational hierarchy

    Biological structure from cells to organisms: cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism.

    Cell

    Smallest unit of life; e.g., muscle or red blood cells.

    Tissue

    Group of similar cells performing a specific function; e.g., muscle tissue.

    Organ

    Made of different tissues working together for a specific task; e.g., heart.

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    Organ system

    Groups of organs working together; e.g., digestive system.

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    Denaturation

    Loss of enzyme shape due to extreme conditions, affecting function.

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    Digestive enzymes

    Biological catalysts that break down food into absorbable molecules.

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    Bile

    Produced in the liver, stored in gallbladder, neutralizes acid, emulsifies fats.

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    Vein

    A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart, with valves to prevent backflow.

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    Capillary

    A tiny blood vessel where gases, nutrients, and waste are exchanged between blood and body tissues.

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    Alveoli

    Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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    Natural pacemaker

    A group of heart cells producing electrical signals to control the heartbeat.

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    Artificial pacemaker

    An electronic device implanted in the chest to regulate abnormal heartbeats.

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    Xylem

    Vessels made of dead cells that transport water and minerals from roots to leaves.

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    Phloem

    Tubes made of living cells that transport sugars and nutrients from leaves to other parts of the plant.

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    Transpiration

    The loss of water vapor from the leaves of a plant through tiny pores called stomata.

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    Guard cells

    Cells on either side of a stoma that control its opening and closing.

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    Chloroplasts

    Organelles in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and conduct photosynthesis.

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    Lipase

    An enzyme that breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

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    Double circulatory system

    A system where blood flows through the heart twice: to the lungs and to the body.

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    Red blood cells

    Cells that carry oxygen using hemoglobin.

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    Benign tumor

    Non-cancerous tumors that do not spread.

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    Epidermal tissue

    Protects the plant and reduces water loss.

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    Metabolism

    All chemical reactions in an organism, including breaking down food.

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    Catalysts

    Substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

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    Stomata

    Pores in leaves that allow gas exchange.

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    Coronary heart disease

    A disease caused by fatty deposits in coronary arteries, reducing blood flow.

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    Study Notes

    Biological Organisation

    • Biological organisation follows a hierarchy: cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism.
    • Cells are the basic unit of life.
    • Tissues are groups of similar cells with a specific function.
    • Organs consist of tissues working together for a particular task.
    • Organ systems are groups of organs working together to perform a major function.
    • This hierarchical structure allows organisms to perform complex processes efficiently.

    Defining Key Terms

    • Cell: The smallest unit of life capable of basic life processes. Examples include muscle cells and red blood cells.
    • Tissue: A group of similar cells working together to perform a common function. Examples include muscle tissue and epithelial tissue.
    • Organ: A structure composed of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function. Examples include the heart and the stomach.
    • Organism: A living being, such as a human or plant, composed of organ systems working together to carry out complex life processes.

    Animal Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems

    Digestive System

    • The digestive system comprises organs like the stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.
    • These organs work together to break down food into absorbable molecules.

    Enzymes and Metabolism

    • Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions.
    • Amylase breaks down starch into sugars, while lipase breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids.

    Enzyme Characteristics

    • Enzymes are proteins with an active site where substrates bind.
    • Enzymes work best under specific temperature and pH conditions. Extreme changes can cause denaturation.

    Enzyme Production and Action

    • Amylase is produced in the salivary glands and pancreas, breaking down starch.
    • Protease is produced in the stomach and pancreas, breaking down proteins into amino acids.
    • Lipase is produced in the pancreas, breaking down fats.

    Digestion Products and Uses

    • Enzymes convert food into small, soluble molecules (e.g., glucose) absorbable by the bloodstream.
    • Digested products are used to build new molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
    • Glucose is crucial for respiration, releasing energy.

    Bile

    • Bile is produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine.
    • Bile neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fats, aiding lipase action.

    Fat Breakdown

    • Emulsification increases fat surface area, boosting lipase activity.
    • A neutral pH is important for lipase to function optimally.

    Heart and Lungs

    • The heart pumps blood through a double circulatory system: one to the lungs, one to the body.
    • Lungs are adapted for gas exchange with alveoli, providing a large surface area.

    Blood Vessels

    • Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure.
    • Veins return blood to the heart, utilizing valves to prevent backflow.
    • Capillaries connect arteries and veins, facilitating gas and nutrient exchange.

    Lungs

    • The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles channel air to the alveoli.
    • Alveoli are thin-walled sacs where gas exchange occurs.

    Heartbeat Regulation

    • A natural pacemaker (SA node) controls heart rate.
    • An artificial pacemaker regulates an abnormal heart rhythm.

    Blood Composition

    • Red blood cells carry oxygen using hemoglobin.
    • White blood cells fight infection.
    • Platelets help blood clot.
    • Plasma transports nutrients, hormones, and wastes.

    Coronary Heart Disease

    • Coronary heart disease is a non-communicable disease caused by fatty deposits in the coronary arteries, affecting blood flow to the heart

    Health and Illness

    • Health is a state of physical and mental wellbeing.
    • Defects in the immune system increase vulnerability to infections like HIV.
    • Immune responses and allergies can cause inflammation or symptoms like asthma.
    • Physical and mental health are intricately linked. Chronic physical illness can lead to mental health issues.
    • Lifestyle factors (smoking, diet, exercise) heavily influence the risk of non-communicable diseases like cancer and diabetes.
    • Tumors can be benign or malignant (cancerous).

    Plant Tissues, Organs, and Systems

    Leaf Tissues

    • Epidermis protects the leaf, sometimes with a waxy layer.
    • Mesophyll includes palisade (photosynthesis) and spongy (gas exchange) layers.

    Root Cells

    • Root hair cells have a large surface area for optimal water and mineral absorption.

    Xylem

    • Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves, supported by lignin.

    Transpiration

    • Transpiration is affected by light, temperature, humidity, and wind.

    Stomata and Guard Cells

    • Stomata are pores used for gas exchange.
    • Guard cells control stomata opening and closing.

    Phloem and Translocation

    • Phloem transports sugars throughout the plant.
    • Translocation ensures energy delivery to growing regions and storage sites.

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    Description

    Explore the hierarchy of biological organization from cells to organisms. This quiz delves into the definitions and functions of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems, illustrating how these components work together. Perfect for understanding the basics of life sciences.

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