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Questions and Answers
What type of reaction is involved in the formation of polymers from monomers?
What type of reaction is involved in the formation of polymers from monomers?
Which of the following is a characteristic of monosaccharides?
Which of the following is a characteristic of monosaccharides?
What is the main energy storage molecule in animals?
What is the main energy storage molecule in animals?
What type of bond joins monosaccharides to form disaccharides?
What type of bond joins monosaccharides to form disaccharides?
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Which of the following disaccharides is formed from glucose and fructose?
Which of the following disaccharides is formed from glucose and fructose?
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Which type of glucose is involved in the formation of cellulose?
Which type of glucose is involved in the formation of cellulose?
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What reaction breaks down a polymer into monomers?
What reaction breaks down a polymer into monomers?
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Which polysaccharide is primarily used for energy storage in plants?
Which polysaccharide is primarily used for energy storage in plants?
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What is indicated by a color change to brick red after heating a food sample with Benedict's Reagent?
What is indicated by a color change to brick red after heating a food sample with Benedict's Reagent?
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What is the role of dilute hydrochloric acid in testing for non-reducing sugars?
What is the role of dilute hydrochloric acid in testing for non-reducing sugars?
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What type of lipids are made of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids?
What type of lipids are made of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids?
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Which of the following statements about saturated lipids is correct?
Which of the following statements about saturated lipids is correct?
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Which reagent is used to test for the presence of starch in a solution?
Which reagent is used to test for the presence of starch in a solution?
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Why is sodium hydrogencarbonate added after hydrochloric acid in the test for non-reducing sugars?
Why is sodium hydrogencarbonate added after hydrochloric acid in the test for non-reducing sugars?
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Which type of solvent are lipids soluble in?
Which type of solvent are lipids soluble in?
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What is the primary reason unsaturated lipids are liquid at room temperature?
What is the primary reason unsaturated lipids are liquid at room temperature?
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What change occurs to Benedict's Reagent if a non-reducing sugar is present after the modified test procedure?
What change occurs to Benedict's Reagent if a non-reducing sugar is present after the modified test procedure?
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What property makes triglycerides excellent energy storage molecules?
What property makes triglycerides excellent energy storage molecules?
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Why are triglycerides insoluble in water?
Why are triglycerides insoluble in water?
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What role do phospholipids play in cell membranes?
What role do phospholipids play in cell membranes?
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In the emulsion test, what does a cloudy-white color indicate?
In the emulsion test, what does a cloudy-white color indicate?
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What is one characteristic of the heads of phospholipids?
What is one characteristic of the heads of phospholipids?
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Why is the oxidation of triglycerides important for organisms in dry environments?
Why is the oxidation of triglycerides important for organisms in dry environments?
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What type of structure is formed by phospholipids in an aqueous environment?
What type of structure is formed by phospholipids in an aqueous environment?
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What role does DNA helicase play in DNA replication?
What role does DNA helicase play in DNA replication?
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What is the primary function of ATP in cellular processes?
What is the primary function of ATP in cellular processes?
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Which of the following statements about water is true?
Which of the following statements about water is true?
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How does ATP release energy?
How does ATP release energy?
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What is a consequence of the polar nature of water?
What is a consequence of the polar nature of water?
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What is the result of the condensation of ADP and inorganic phosphate?
What is the result of the condensation of ADP and inorganic phosphate?
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Why are the bonds between phosphate molecules in ATP described as unstable?
Why are the bonds between phosphate molecules in ATP described as unstable?
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What is the primary enzyme responsible for joining nucleotides during DNA replication?
What is the primary enzyme responsible for joining nucleotides during DNA replication?
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What is the significance of water's high latent heat of vaporisation?
What is the significance of water's high latent heat of vaporisation?
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How does the cohesive property of water molecules affect plants?
How does the cohesive property of water molecules affect plants?
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Which of the following ions is essential for determining the pH of blood?
Which of the following ions is essential for determining the pH of blood?
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What role do iron ions play in the human body?
What role do iron ions play in the human body?
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Which inorganic ion is involved in the co-transport of glucose and amino acids?
Which inorganic ion is involved in the co-transport of glucose and amino acids?
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What color indicates the presence of a peptide bond in a solution containing copper (II) sulfate?
What color indicates the presence of a peptide bond in a solution containing copper (II) sulfate?
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How do enzymes affect the rate of chemical reactions?
How do enzymes affect the rate of chemical reactions?
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What term describes the complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate?
What term describes the complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate?
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What happens to enzyme activity at temperatures above the optimum level?
What happens to enzyme activity at temperatures above the optimum level?
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Which factor primarily influences the shape of an enzyme?
Which factor primarily influences the shape of an enzyme?
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What occurs when enzyme concentration exceeds substrate concentration?
What occurs when enzyme concentration exceeds substrate concentration?
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What is the effect of increasing substrate concentration on enzyme activity, up to a certain point?
What is the effect of increasing substrate concentration on enzyme activity, up to a certain point?
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What is the name of the model that describes how an enzyme changes shape to better fit its substrate?
What is the name of the model that describes how an enzyme changes shape to better fit its substrate?
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Study Notes
Biological Molecules
- Monomers are small units forming larger molecules like monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides.
- Polymers are large molecules made from many monomers joined together.
- Condensation reactions join monomers, eliminating a water molecule.
- Hydrolysis breaks down polymers by adding a water molecule.
- Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Monosaccharides are single sugar units (e.g., glucose).
- Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined (e.g., maltose).
- Polysaccharides are many monosaccharides joined (e.g., glycogen, starch, cellulose).
- Glucose is a crucial substrate for respiration, with alpha and beta isomers.
- Common monosaccharides include glucose, galactose, and fructose, which have the general formula (CH₂O)ₙ.
- Disaccharides form through condensation reactions, creating a glycosidic bond (e.g., 1,4-glycosidic bond in maltose).
- Glycogen is the primary energy storage molecule in animals, formed from alpha glucose with many side branches enabling quick energy release.
- Starch is a plant energy storage, composed of amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched), with side branches facilitating rapid enzyme action.
- Cellulose is a structural component in plant cell walls, constructed of beta glucose molecules, forming strong, insoluble fibers.
Biochemical Tests
- Benedict's reagent tests for reducing sugars (monosaccharides and some disaccharides).
- A positive test results in a color change from blue to brick red (orange-brown).
- Non-reducing sugars need to be hydrolyzed using acid to release the reducing sugars before testing with Benedict's solution.
- Iodine/potassium iodide solution tests for starch:
- A positive test will turn the solution blue/black.
- The Biuret test detects proteins, showing a purple color change in the presence of peptide bonds.
Lipids
- Lipids are insoluble in water, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Triglycerides are made of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.
- Fatty acids can be saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (double bonds).
- Saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature (animal fats).
- Unsaturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature (plant oils).
- Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
- Phospholipids form micelles in water, crucial for cell membranes.
- An emulsion test using ethanol detects lipids.
Proteins
- Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
- Amino acids have an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group.
- Peptide bonds link amino acids in condensation reactions.
- Primary structure is the sequence of amino acids.
- Secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta pleated sheets (hydrogen bonding).
- Tertiary structure is the 3D shape of the protein (various bonds).
- Quaternary structure involves multiple polypeptide chains (e.g., hemoglobin).
- The Biuret test is used to identify proteins.
Enzymes
- Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
- Enzymes have an active site that is specifically shaped for their substrate.
- The induced-fit model describes how substrate binding changes the enzyme shape for improved fit.
- Factors affecting enzyme activity: temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.
DNA and RNA
- DNA and RNA are both polymers of nucleotides.
- Nucleotides consist of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- DNA has deoxyribose sugar, and bases A, T, C, and G.
- RNA has ribose sugar, and bases A, U, C, and G.
- DNA is double-stranded, forming a double helix.
- Base pairing: A-T, G-C in DNA; A-U, G-C in RNA.
- DNA replication is semi-conservative.
ATP
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide.
- ATP stores and releases energy through phosphate bond hydrolysis.
- ATP is crucial for many cellular processes (metabolism, transport, movement).
- The inorganic phosphate released from ATP hydrolysis can be used to phosphorylate other molecules.
Water
- Water is a polar molecule with a high heat of vaporization and high specific heat.
- Cohesion, adhesion and surface tension are important properties.
- Water is a universal solvent.
- Water plays a vital role in various biological processes and maintains stable internal body temperatures.
- Inorganic ions are crucial for many biological processes (e.g., pH regulation, enzyme function, osmotic balance).
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of biological molecules, focusing on monomers and polymers. Learn about carbohydrates, their types, and the processes of condensation and hydrolysis. Test your knowledge of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, as well as their importance in biological systems.
