Biological Molecules and Carbohydrates Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a condensation reaction?

  • The cleaving of a large molecule into two smaller molecules.
  • The formation of a bond between two molecules with the removal of a water molecule. (correct)
  • The breaking of a bond by the addition of a water molecule.
  • The joining of two molecules with the direct release of oxygen.

    • Which of the following correctly pairs a disaccharide with its constituent monosaccharides?

  • Sucrose: galactose and fructose; Maltose: glucose and glucose; Lactose: fructose and glucose.
  • Sucrose: glucose and fructose; Maltose: glucose and glucose; Lactose: glucose and galactose. (correct)
  • Sucrose: glucose and fructose; Maltose: glucose and galactose; Lactose: glucose and glucose.
  • Sucrose: glucose and galactose; Maltose: glucose and fructose; Lactose: glucose and glucose.

    • What is the primary structural difference that leads to the distinct properties of cellulose compared to starch and glycogen?

  • Cellulose has many hydrogen bonds, while starch and glycogen have few.
  • Cellulose has peptide bonds, while starch and glycogen have glycosidic bonds.
  • Cellulose contains branching, while starch and glycogen are linear polymers.
  • Cellulose is made from β-glucose, while starch and glycogen are made from α-glucose. (correct)

    • Which statement accurately describes the structure of a triglyceride molecule?

    <p>It is formed from a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids via ester bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of protein structure, which of the following best describes the role of hydrogen bonds?

    <p>They contribute to the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins, by forming weaker links via polar interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule forms the backbone of a phospholipid, as indicated by label A?

    <p>Glycerol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links the glycerol molecule to a fatty acid in a phospholipid?

    <p>Ester bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies an unsaturated fatty acid?

    <p>A fatty acid that has at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a cell membrane has a 60% phospholipid composition by mass, and the total lipid mass is 200mg, what is the mass of the phospholipids?

    <p>120mg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules are required to form a single triglyceride molecule?

    <p>4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements most accurately describes an unsaturated fatty acid?

    <p>It has at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond in its hydrocarbon chain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided data, what approximate percentage of the plasma membrane is composed of 'other' lipids in a red blood cell?

    <p>14% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid at a molecular level?

    <p>Unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond, while saturated fatty acids do not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of water allows it to buffer changes in temperature effectively?

    <p>Relatively high specific heat capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is water described as a polar molecule, and what significance does this have in biological systems?

    <p>It forms hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules, acting as a solvent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of water being a universal solvent in cells?

    <p>It carries nutrients and facilitates metabolic reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water's high surface tension benefit organisms?

    <p>It enables some insects to walk on water's surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In metabolic reactions within cells, what dual role does water play?

    <p>It serves as a solvent and participates in hydrolysis reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary property of phospholipids that contributes to forming a bilayer in cell membranes?

    <p>They are amphipathic with polar and non-polar regions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concentration of omega-3 fatty acids change after 140 days?

    <p>It stabilizes at around 0.4%. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the phospholipid molecule is attracted to water?

    <p>The phosphate group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of phospholipids in cellular membranes?

    <p>To form a hydrophobic barrier between the cell's interior and exterior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly contrasts triglycerides and phospholipids?

    <p>Phospholipids have hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, while triglycerides have only hydrophobic tails. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of water being a universal solvent in organisms?

    <p>It allows for the transport of ions and faster reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the structure of water contribute to its properties?

    <p>Water molecules are polar, leading to unique interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of water's high heat capacity to organisms?

    <p>It stabilizes internal temperatures for enzyme reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'reactive' mean in relation to water's properties?

    <p>It participates in hydrolysis and condensation reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the significance of hydrogen bonds in water?

    <p>They help maintain temperature stability in organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the latent heat of vaporization have on organisms?

    <p>It helps animals cool down by utilizing heat energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes why water is considered a major component of cells?

    <p>It serves as a solvent for biochemical reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the bonding in water is true?

    <p>Water molecules are linked by hydrogen bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between carbon atoms in a double bond?

    <p>Covalent bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant caveat concerning the correlation observed between omega-3 fatty acid intake and coronary heart disease risk?

    <p>Confounding factors may influence the results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is identified as bond X in the structure of olestra?

    <p>Glycosidic bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a triglyceride's composition compared to olestra?

    <p>Contains fewer fatty acids and no sucrose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When forming one molecule of olestra, how many molecules of water are produced from the starting materials?

    <p>9 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in cow's milk when they are fed corn instead of grass?

    <p>It decreases significantly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of olestra compared to triglycerides?

    <p>It has a sucrose backbone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What relationship was investigated concerning omega-3 fatty acids and heart disease?

    <p>Relationship between omega-3 intake and heart disease prevention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biological Molecules

    • Monomer: A small repeating molecule that combines to form a polymer.
    • Polymer: A large molecule made up of repeating smaller molecules (monomers.)
    • Polymerisation: The process of producing polymers.
    • Condensation: The process where two monomers join together with the removal of water, forming a bond.
    • Hydrolysis: The splitting of a polymer into monomers with the addition of water, breaking down a bond.
    • Metabolism: All chemical processes within an organism's cells.

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates contain the elements C, H, and O.
    • General formula (CH₂O)ₙ
    • Monosaccharides: Isomers (same chemical formula, different structural formulas) that dissolve in water and are reducing sugars.
    • Examples of monosaccharides include: triose (3 carbons), pentose (5 carbons), hexose (6 carbons).
    • Alpha-glucose and beta-glucose are isomers of hexose.
    • Glycosidic bonds: Covalent bonds formed by condensation reactions that bond monosaccharides together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.
    • Polysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Starch and glycogen are polymers of alpha-glucose used for energy storage, while cellulose, formed by beta-glucose, is structural.

    Lipids

    • Lipids contain C, H, and O.
    • Insoluble in water (non-polar.)
    • Triglycerides: Formed by condensation between glycerol and three fatty acids. Saturated triglycerides contain only single bonds. Unsaturated triglycerides contain double or triple carbon bonds, which cause kinks in the fatty-acid chains. Phospholipids are made of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. They are amphipathic (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.) Triglycerides are used for energy storage while phospholipids are a key component in plasma membranes.

    Proteins

    • Proteins contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S.
    • Amino acids: Building blocks of proteins. About 20 naturally occurring amino acids found commonly in organisms.
    • Protein structure: Primary (sequence of amino acids), secondary (alpha-helix or beta-sheet), tertiary (complex 3D folding of protein), quaternary (multiple polypeptide chains.)
    • Types of proteins: Globular and fibrous proteins have diverse functions including catalysis, structural support, and transport.

    Water

    • Water is a polar molecule which can act as a universal solvent and is involved in hydrolysis and condensation reactions.
    • Properties of water include: high heat capacity, high latent heat of vaporisation, cohesion, and a polar nature, which is important to living organisms.

    Testing for Biological Molecules

    • Qualitative Tests: Tests which give a visual result to determine the presence of a biological molecule.
    • Quantitative Tests: Tests that give a numerical measurement of a variable, which can be statistically analyzed.
    • Tests to identify biological molecules include: Biuret test for proteins, Benedict's test for reducing sugars, iodine test for starch, and emulsion test for lipids.

    Polysaccharide Summary Sheet

    • Provides a table for organizing information about polysaccharides: name, location, function, monomer type, type of chemical bonds, and a general description.

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    Biological Molecules_115650.pdf

    Description

    Test your knowledge on biological molecules and carbohydrates through this engaging quiz. Learn about monomers, polymers, and the processes of polymerization, condensation, and hydrolysis. Explore the structure and function of carbohydrates, including monosaccharides and glycosidic bonds.

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