Biological Microchimerism in Humans

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What is a key characteristic associated with Victorian sexuality?

Sexual repression (correct)

Sexual liberation

Sexual exploration

Sexual revolution

How was sex generally viewed during the Victorian era?

It was widely celebrated

It was encouraged among all classes

It was openly discussed

It was avoided in proper society (correct)

What was the common perception of women's experiences regarding sexual pleasure during the Victorian era?

Women were assumed to experience sexual pleasure

Women were assumed to have sexual freedom

Women were assumed to have no experiences of sexual pleasure (correct)

Women were assumed to be interested in sex

Which term best describes how sex was handled in proper society during the Victorian era?

Taboo (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'repression' mainly refer to in the context of Victorian sexuality?

Unconscious control of desires (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Reverend Sylvester Graham's Graham wafers?

To reduce sexual desire (C) Signup and view all the answers

What analogy is used to differentiate between sex and gender?

Coat hanger and clothes (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which color is specifically mentioned as historically being considered a female color?

Pink (D) Signup and view all the answers

What major development in the 1960s revolution significantly impacted human sexuality?

Legalization of birth control for women (A) Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe individuals born with a combination of male and female sexual characteristics?

Intersex (B) Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the first AIDS diagnosis in the US in 1981 have on perceptions of recreational sex?

Increased caution and concerns (A) Signup and view all the answers

How have gender stereotypes been enforced in relation to toy selection at stores like Toys R Us?

By selling pink toys exclusively for girls (C) Signup and view all the answers

What movement began as a reaction to the repression of the swinging sixties in the 1980s and 1990s?

Abstinence-only education (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the traditional medical response when a baby is born intersex?

Surgical and hormonal intervention based on the child's gender assignment (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why were men advised to minimize ejaculations according to Reverend Sylvester Graham?

It was believed to drain vital fluids (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why do intersex individuals often feel isolated and alone according to the text?

As a result of societal fixation on a binary concept of male and female (C) Signup and view all the answers

What did Lady Hollington's attitude towards her husband's visits to her bedchamber suggest about her views on sexuality?

Disinterest in sex (A) Signup and view all the answers

What major influence on human sexuality arose during the 1960s due to the availability of birth control?

Experiments with mate swapping (swinging) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the first case of AIDS diagnosis in the US have on societal attitudes towards recreational sex?

Both A and B (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do gender norms refer to in a sociological context?

Social norms based on one's sex (D) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of college students have never participated in hookups?

25% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between sex and gender according to the text?

Sex is biological while gender is based on social norms (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which era of freedom does the text identify as a period advocating for sexual liberation?

Revolutionary era (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is polyamory defined as in the text?

Belief in open and honest relationships with multiple partners (A) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of hookups occur after consuming alcohol according to the survey mentioned in the text?

50% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are individuals striving for in terms of sexuality when they advocate for 'freedom for choice' according to the text?

Freedom from pressure to conform to societal norms regarding sexuality (D) Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Dr. Dennis Hiebert develop to describe using moral and legal codes to suppress LGBTQ people's dignity and liberty?

Homopression (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context discussed, what does homopression involve?

Oppressing LGBTQ dignity and liberty (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does homopression differ from a hate crime?

It is a form of oppression regardless of fear (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does setting up a social structure that marginalizes the LGBTQ+ community represent?

A form of homo oppression (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is homopression related to the use of moral and legal codes?

It suppresses LGBTQ expression and liberty (A) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population is estimated to be intersex?

2-4% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the WNT4 gene according to the text?

Promotes ovarian development (B) Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if an individual with XY chromosomes has extra copies of the WNT4 gene?

They will have both ovarian and testicular development (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which journal published the article that discusses the newly found genes related to sex determination according to the text?

Nature (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is microchimaerism, as mentioned in the text?

A process that involves stem cells crossing the placenta between a mother and fetus (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which gene can cause a female with XX chromosomes to have both ovarian and testicular development?

RSPO1 gene (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text reveal about individuals with mild gene differences?

They may have male-like facial hair or irregular periods (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of the RSPO1 gene?

Causes both ovarian and testicular development in females with XX chromosomes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What new understanding of sex determination do the newly found genes provide, according to the text?

The balance between opposing networks of gene activity influences sex determination (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of WNT4 and RSPO1 genes mentioned in the text?

They are crucial in moving away from the binary concept of male and female (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Clare Ainsworth in the text, how are most individuals described biologically?

As a combination of genetically distinct cells that may not all match each other (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do the Canadian LGBTQ+ statistics reveal about demographics according to the text?

Over half of the LGBTQ+ community in Canada aged 15 and older are bisexual (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of hate crimes targeting sexual orientation were violent in Canada, as mentioned in the text?

53% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does homophobia refer to based on the text?

Irrational fear of homosexuality (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'violent crimes' primarily refer to?

Crimes involving physical harm or force (C) Signup and view all the answers

What concept has become less scientifically defensible according to the text?

Gender as a binary concept (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one implication of acknowledging sexuality as a spectrum according to the text?

'Spectrum' highlighting the diversity and fluidity of sexual identities (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the connection between physiological arousal and emotions in human sexuality?

It is learned and situationally defined (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text suggest situational factors influence human sexuality?

By defining the situation that shapes individuals' responses (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the cultural perception of attractiveness?

Cultural context heavily influences what is considered attractive. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sexuality, what does the text imply about arousal?

Appropriateness of arousal is culturally defined. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the role of sexual scripts?

Sexual scripts vary greatly across cultures. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of clothing does the text use as an example to illustrate cultural norms?

Wearing bikinis in public (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the perception of beauty differ historically?

Beauty standards have varied across different historical eras. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the relationship between cultural context and sexual attractiveness?

Cultural context heavily shapes perceptions of sexual attractiveness. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the impact of culture on defining beauty standards?

Beauty standards are relative to cultural contexts. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text imply about the malleability of beauty ideals?

'Beauty' ideals evolve according to cultural influences and historical periods. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does Wendy Maltz's Maltz hierarchy begin with in terms of sexual energy?

Ground zero as the neutral area (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of level two in the Maltz hierarchy?

Mutuality of pleasure and pleasuring the other (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is Wendy Maltz's hierarchy used to explore in the context of sexuality?

Content and meaning of sexuality (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does level three of the Maltz hierarchy involve according to the text?

Deeper emotional openness and trust (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does pornography impact individuals' ability to engage in real-life sexual relationships?

Shifts focus from feeling to appearance (B) Signup and view all the answers

In which level of the Maltz hierarchy is sex understood as a cultural or religious duty?

Positive role fulfillment (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which level of the Maltz hierarchy emphasizes deeper communication and mutual pleasure?

'Authentic sexual intimacy' (D) Signup and view all the answers

'Acting out of the basic sex drive in ways that are not harming but positively fulfilling' best describes which level in the Maltz hierarchy?

'Positive role fulfillment' (B) Signup and view all the answers

'Pornography consumption, particularly when it becomes addictive, becomes a form of sexual self-harm because it interferes profoundly with your ability to engage in a real life, healthy sexual relationship.' - This statement implies that pornography addiction can lead to:

'Violent interaction' (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cultural group historically considered it hospitable for a man to offer his wife for sexual relations with visitors?

Inuit people (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the dominant script, as described in the text, suggest about traditional gender roles in terms of desire?

Men are desired as subjects and women as objects. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In what way does pornography differ from real life sex according to the text?

Pornography lacks elements like consent, STIs, and pregnancy. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text mention about how some cultures view different body parts in terms of sexual attractiveness?

'Hair being highly sexualized in certain cultures' (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which form of pornography is currently the most downloaded, according to the text?

'Violent porn depicting aggression' (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text reveal about how kissing is viewed cross-culturally?

'Kissing can be extremely gross in some cultures' (D) Signup and view all the answers

What traditional practice is highlighted in the text regarding conceiving children if a wife couldn't conceive?

'Offering the handmaid for surrogacy' (A) Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception is illustrated in the text regarding how men and women are perceived based on sexual activity levels?

Women are judged more harshly for sexual activity compared to men. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why do consumers of porn seek out more aggressive forms with violence and humiliation according to the text?

To experience a higher level of sexual arousal (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does porn consumption affect males' perception of their real-life partners' attractiveness levels?

It lowers their partners' attractiveness levels (D) Signup and view all the answers

What negative impact does porn consumption have on relationships, particularly in terms of sexual activity?

It promotes unhealthy and demanding sexual activity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern raised about the impact of porn on women according to the text?

Women are being objectified and turned into sexual playthings (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does porn impact individuals in terms of their focus during real-life sexual encounters?

It causes individuals to focus on meeting unrealistic pornographic expectations (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of human sexual relationships, what characterizes level one in the negative direction?

Impersonal interaction and lack of respect for the self or the other (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does Matt Fraud suggest happens when brain maps linking sexual excitement to porn are continually strengthened?

Maps linking sexual excitement to porn enlarge (D) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes level two abusive interaction in human sexual relationships?

Using sex as a form of power, such as pressuring the partner (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does porn consumption impact individuals' self-image during real-life sexual experiences?

'Spectatoring' leads individuals to focus on meeting pornographic standards (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of violent interaction within partnered relationships?

Physical harm and pain inflicted as part of the sexual act (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of degrading communication mentioned in the text that can occur during sexual acts?

Saying mean things intended to humiliate about sexuality or appearance (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does level one in the negative direction differ from level two abusive interaction in human sexual relationships?

Level one disregards consequences like pregnancy while level two uses sex as a bargaining tool (D) Signup and view all the answers

What negative impact does porn have on women's self-perception according to the text?

It can lead to a chronic preoccupation with physical appearance derived from porn scripts (C) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes violent interaction from level two abusive interaction in human sexual relationships?

Inflicting physical harm and pain as part of the sexual act (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern raised about male behavior towards sexuality due to excessive porn consumption?

It leads to unrealistic expectations and demands from partners influenced by porn (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of level one positive role fulfillment sex in human relationships?

Emotional closeness and deeper sense of wholeness (C) Signup and view all the answers

'Dominating the other person' for satisfaction falls under which category of sexual interaction described in the text?

'Abusive interaction' using sex as power (A) Signup and view all the answers

'Inflicting pain and humiliation' during sexual acts is typical of which level of human sexual interaction according to the text?

'Level three violent interaction' (A) Signup and view all the answers

'Saying mean things that humiliate' about a partner's sexuality is an example of what kind of behavior mentioned in the text?

'Degrading communication' during sexual acts (D) Signup and view all the answers