61 Questions
What is the ultimate source of energy for all life on earth?
Light from the sun
Which type of organisms use light energy to drive the synthesis of carbohydrates?
Photosynthetic organisms
What happens in a chemical reaction if the free energy change (ΔG) is negative?
The reaction is spontaneous and exothermic
Which type of reactions are favored - exergonic or endergonic?
Exergonic
What is the role of proteins and nucleic acids in living cells?
Structural support and genetic information storage
Which component is considered by many scientists to have been the original coding material?
Nucleic acids
What is the catalytic activity associated with certain types of RNA called?
Ribozymes
Which two scientists shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA?
Chech and Altman
What does the term 'Prokaryote' mean?
Before the nucleus
What process does a hairpin ribozyme catalyze?
Self-cleavage and joining (ligation)
What did Thomas R. Chech and Sidney Altman discover about RNA?
Its catalytic properties
Which component is responsible for the catalytic activity normally associated with proteins?
Amino acids
What are certain types of RNA with catalytic activity called?
Ribozymes
What is the relationship between nucleic acids and amino acid sequences?
Direct correlation
What were the only elements present in the earliest stages of the universe?
Hydrogen, Helium, and Lithium
Which gases were present in the atmosphere of the early Earth based on experiments?
Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Carbon Monoxide
Which process led to the formation of elements other than Hydrogen, Helium, and Lithium in the universe?
Thermonuclear reactions in stars
What is the role of proteins in living cells?
Provide structure within the cell
How did nucleic acids contribute to early life processes?
Store and transmit genetic information
From which source did important biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids arise under abiotic conditions?
Reactions on clay particles
What do proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids have in common in living cells?
They are derived from monomers
What is the directionality of a biological macromolecule that has an N-terminus and a C-terminus?
From N-terminus to C-terminus
In the sequence Ser-Val-Tyr-Cys, what does the order of amino acids represent?
A specific sequence with a defined directionality
What type of linkages do starch and cellulose have in common?
C1 to C4 linkages
What distinguishes the linkage between glucose units in starch from that in cellulose?
Starch has α-C1toC4 linkages while cellulose has β-C1toC4 linkages
Where does the 3' hydroxyl group form a bond in nucleic acids?
To the phosphorus atom of the free nucleotide closest to the 5' oxygen atom
What happens when the 3'-OH of one ribose ring forms a bond with the 5'-OH of another ribose ring in nucleic acids?
A new phosphodiester bond is formed
What is the main function of enzymes in living cells?
Display catalytic activity
What is the role of nucleic acids in living cells?
Store and transmit genetic information
What is the correct order for this sequence: Cys-Tyr-Val-Ser?
S-V-T-C
Which type of cells contain a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane?
Eukaryotic cells
What is the ultimate source of energy for all life on earth?
Light energy from the sun
In biochemical energetics, if the free energy change (ΔG) is negative, what does this indicate about the reaction?
It is exergonic
Which type of reactions are favored based on their free energy change (ΔG)?
Exergonic reactions
What is the role of proteins and nucleic acids in living cells?
Catalyzing chemical reactions
What is the term used to describe reactions that are favored and release energy in the form of heat?
Exergonic reactions
How do photosynthetic organisms utilize light energy?
To drive the synthesis of carbohydrates
What is the term for single-celled organisms like bacteria and archae, which include cyanobacteria?
Prokaryotes
What catalytic properties of RNA led to Thomas R. Chech and Sidney Altman winning the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1989?
Self-cleavage and joining
Which type of molecules are considered by many scientists to have been the original coding material?
Nucleic acids
What is the main function of ribozymes in living cells?
Catalyzing reactions
What role do proteins play in living cells?
Catalysts for biochemical reactions
What is the source of energy for all life on earth?
Thermonuclear reactions in stars
What is the term for the nucleic acid sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence in proteins?
Coding sequence
What are ribozymes capable of catalyzing in living cells?
Biochemical reactions
What characteristic distinguishes Ser-Val-Tyr-Cys from Cys-Tyr-Val-Ser?
The chirality of the amino acids
In nucleic acids, what type of bond forms between the 3'-OH of one ribose ring and the 5'-OH of another ribose ring?
Phosphodiester bond
What type of linkages do starch and cellulose have in common?
C1 to C4 linkages
What distinguishes the linkage between glucose units in starch from that in cellulose?
Glycosidic linkage orientation
What happens when the 5' group of a nucleotide triphosphate interacts with the 3' hydroxyl group of a nucleotide chain?
A phosphodiester bond forms
What is the role of enzymes in living cells primarily related to?
Catalytic activity
Which atom forms a bond with the 3' hydroxyl group in nucleic acids?
Phosphorus atom
In biomolecules, what feature determines the 'sense' or directionality of macromolecules?
Chirality of building blocks
'Ser-Val-Tyr-Cys' and 'Cys-Tyr-Val-Ser' are examples highlighting the importance of:
"Sense" or directionality in macromolecules
What type of reactions led to the formation of elements other than Hydrogen, Helium, and Lithium in the universe?
Thermonuclear reactions in stars
Which gases were NOT present in the atmosphere of the early Earth based on experiments?
O2
What is the ultimate source of energy for all life on Earth?
Thermonuclear reactions in stars
In early Earth's oceans, how did important biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids arise under abiotic conditions?
From reactions of simple compounds on clay particles
What is the main role of proteins and nucleic acids in living cells?
Life processes regulation
What process was responsible for the relative abundance of important elements beyond Hydrogen, Helium, and Lithium in the universe?
The Big Bang theory
Living cells include very large molecules derived from smaller units known as:
Monomers (single parts)
Explore the concept of directionality in biological macromolecules and their building blocks. Understand the significance of the N-terminus and C-terminus in macromolecular structures. Learn about the distinct features of directional sequences in biopolymers like proteins and polysaccharides.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
