Biological Macromolecules and Organization
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Questions and Answers

What type of channels are always open and selectively permeable?

  • Mechanically gated channels
  • Leak channels (correct)
  • Voltage-gated channels
  • Chemically gated channels

    • Which ion is the major external ion in a resting neuron?

  • Ca^2+
  • K^+^
  • Na^+^ (correct)
  • Cl^-

    • What occurs primarily through chemically gated channels?

  • Trans-Membrane Potential
  • Resting potential
  • Graded potential (correct)
  • Action potential

    • Which propagation method occurs in myelinated axons?

    <p>Saltatory propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trans-membrane potential (TMP) of a neuron at rest?

    <p>Negative interior and positive exterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cilia in a cell?

    <p>To aid in propulsion and movement of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process requires cellular energy to move substances against a concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do sister chromatids condense and spindle fibers form?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a semi-permeable membrane?

    <p>A membrane that permits some molecules to pass while blocking others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is the environment considered hypotonic?

    <p>Solute concentration is lower in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of insulin in facilitated diffusion?

    <p>To promote the movement of glucose across membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of mitosis?

    <p>Replacement of cells and growth in multicellular organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during interphase?

    <p>Chromosome and organelle replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when there is damage to the ascending tract?

    <p>Loss of sensation inferior to damaged area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a reflex arc is responsible for turning the stimulus into action?

    <p>Motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?

    <p>To process sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the brain is primarily associated with motor functions?

    <p>Frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neural stem cells can primarily be induced to form what type of structures?

    <p>Patches in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is responsible for reasoning and memory?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons deliver stimuli to interneurons in the CNS?

    <p>Sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT typically associated with the association areas of the brain?

    <p>Essential motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily affected in a person with dyslexia?

    <p>The perception and grouping of letters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a concussion?

    <p>A bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hemisphere is typically non-dominant for non-verbal functions?

    <p>Right hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is long-term memory primarily characterized?

    <p>Structural changes in the brain forming new synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do the basal nuclei perform?

    <p>Subconscious control of skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about intelligence is correct?

    <p>It includes the ability to learn, retain, and process knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of premature babies regarding their brain development?

    <p>They lack a fully formed corpus callosum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is primarily produced by the basal nuclei?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily responsible for converting sound waves into hearing sensations?

    <p>Cochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hearing loss is caused by a blockage that affects conduction to the inner ear?

    <p>Conductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thalamus?

    <p>Receives, filters, and directs afferent sensory impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for hormone production?

    <p>Hypophysis (Pituitary gland)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the otoliths play in maintaining equilibrium?

    <p>Stimulate hair cells in the macula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does damage to the reticular formation have on a person?

    <p>Leads to a coma or persistent vegetative state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spiral organ, also known as the Organ of Corti, houses which type of cells essential for hearing?

    <p>Hair cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which type of sleep do dreams occur and long-term memory is stored?

    <p>Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of prolonged exposure to sounds above 85-90 dB?

    <p>Destruction of hair cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mamillary bodies?

    <p>Olfactory relay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the vestibular complex is involved in dynamic equilibrium?

    <p>Semicircular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?

    <p>Third and fourth ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hearing aid is typically used for treating sensorineural deafness?

    <p>Cochlear implants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the reticular formation?

    <p>Activate cortex into a state of wakefulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of the inner ear responsible for hearing and balance?

    <p>Cochlea and vestibular complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the medulla oblongata?

    <p>Relay impulses from the cord to the cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biological Macromolecules

    • Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotide subunits, examples include DNA and RNA.
    • Proteins are composed of amino acid subunits. Examples include muscle, hair, blood, antibodies, and some hormones.
    • Carbohydrates are composed of saccharide (sugar) subunits, and contain CHO in a 1:2:1 ratio. Examples include sucrose, starch, and cellulose.
    • Lipids are composed of fatty acid subunits. Examples include butter, fats, oils, waxes, and some hormones.

    Levels of Biological Organization

    • Atoms combine to form molecules.
    • Molecules form organelles.
    • Organelles combine into cells.
    • Cells combine into tissues.
    • Tissues combine into organs.
    • Organs combine into organ systems.
    • Organ systems combine to create an organism.
    • Organisms combine into a population.
    • Populations combine to create biological communities.
    • Biological communities form ecosystems.
    • Ecosystems combine to form biomes.
    • Biomes combine to create a biosphere.

    Maintenance of Life: Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is the body's dynamic state of equilibrium in which internal parameters are maintained within optimal ranges.
    • A homeostatic set point or range is the optimal value or range of a parameter for the body to function at peak efficiency.
    • Examples of parameters maintained include salinity (0.9%), temperature (37°C), blood sugar, fluid levels, and vessel diameter.
    • Homeostatic parameters can vary between age groups and individuals. Examples include body temperature and sex hormones.

    Homeostatic Maintenance Mechanisms

    • Negative feedback mechanisms move the body back towards the set point in response to deviations. An example of this would be high serum salt.
    • Positive feedback mechanisms move the body away from the set point. Examples of these are clotting, lactation, and uterine contractions.
    • Most feedback mechanisms are negative.

    Overview of Organ Systems

    • The Integumentary System is important for thermoregulation, sensory input/output, vitamin D synthesis, and protecting the body from the environment. It includes the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands.
    • The Skeletal System supports and protects organs, provides attachment points for muscles, and stores minerals. Includes bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
    • The Muscular System enables movement, thermoregulation, and postural support. Includes skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.
    • The Cardiovascular System pumps and transports blood, nutrients, hormones, and gases, and regulates body temperature. Includes the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
    • The Lymphatic System returns interstitial fluid to the blood, plays a role in immunity and transports fatty molecules. Examples include lymphatic vessels, nodes, thymus, spleen, appendix, and tonsils.
    • The Digestive System breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste. Examples include the mouth, teeth, esophagus, liver, gall bladder, intestines, pancreas, and rectum.
    • The Respiratory System exchanges gases between the environment and blood, releases toxins, and includes the nasal cavity, trachea, pharynx, larynx, and lungs.
    • The Urinary System removes nitrogenous wastes, balances fluid and electrolyte concentrations, and filters blood. Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
    • The Reproductive System produces and transfers gametes. It involves genitalia, gonads, uterus, and prostate in most cases.

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Cells are the basic units of life, and all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
    • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
    • Cells have a plasma membrane that separates the internal environment from the external environment, and regulates what enters and leaves. Cytosol is the semi-fluid component of a cell.
    • Organelles are specialized structures that perform specific functions within the cytoplasm.
    • The nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, cilia, and flagella are all examples of organelles.
    • Cytosol + organelles = cytoplasm

    Cell Membrane Transport

    • Passive transport: substances move down their concentration gradients, no energy required (e.g., simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion).
    • Active transport: substances move against their concentration gradients, energy required (ATP). Exam Unit 2
    • DNA is a double-helix structure composed of nucleic acids. It acts as the instruction book for the manufacture of proteins.
    • Chromosomes are DNA molecules associated with proteins (histones).
    • Genes are specific regions of a DNA strand that influence inheritable traits.
    • Mitosis is a type of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells. It's key function includes cell replacement and growth in multi-cellular organisms.

    Exam Unit 3, Bone Cell Diversity

    • Osteoprogenitors are stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts and osteocytes.
    • Osteoblasts are immature bone cells that deposit bone.
    • Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue structure and provide nutrients to it.
    • Osteoclasts break down bone tissue for remodelling.

    Exam Unit 4, Muscle Hierarchy and Types

    • Muscles have a hierarchical structure: Whole muscle → fascicles → fiber → myofibrils → myofilaments.
    • Three types of muscle include Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac.
    • Skeletal muscle is usually attached to bone, voluntary, rapid, and fatigues quickly.
    • Smooth muscle's associated with organs and body cavities, involuntary, slow to fatigue, and slow contractions.
    • Cardiac muscle is found in the heart, involuntary, rapid contractions, and does not fatigue.

    Exam Unit 5, Nervous System

    • The nervous system is responsible for sensory input, processing, and motor output (stimulation of effectors).
    • Neurons produce and transmit nerve impulses. Neuroglia provide support and insulation for neurons.
    • Synapses are the gaps between neurons where chemical neurotransmitters carry impulses from one neuron to another.
    • The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center (brain and spinal cord). The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes nerves extending from the CNS throughout the body and relays sensory and motor information to the CNS.
    • Different types of nerves are classified based on functions/activities such as sensory, motor, and interneurons. Different types of neurons based on structure are unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar.
    • Neurotransmitters can be affected by drugs (agonists or antagonists) increasing or decreasing the activity of the target neurotranmitter.

    Exam Unit 6, Special Senses

    • The ear has three main sections: External ear, Middle ear, and Inner ear.
    • The external ear gathers sound waves. The middle ear amplifies sound waves. The inner ear contains the spiral organ (Organ of Corti).
    • Hair cells of the spiral organ convert sound vibrations from the fluid-filled inner ear into action potentials, which transmit sound stimuli.
    • Equilibrium occurs through the semicircular canals.
    • Hearing loss can be conductive or sensorineural.

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    Exam 4 Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of biological macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. This quiz also covers the levels of biological organization, from atoms to ecosystems, providing a comprehensive overview of life’s building blocks and structures. Understand how these components interact and form the basis of life.

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