Biological Macromolecules and Organization

<p>Saltatory propagation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative interior and positive exterior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To aid in propulsion and movement of substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A membrane that permits some molecules to pass while blocking others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solute concentration is lower in the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote the movement of glucose across membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replacement of cells and growth in multicellular organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromosome and organelle replication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of sensation inferior to damaged area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To process sensory information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patches in the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential motor functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The perception and grouping of letters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right hemisphere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structural changes in the brain forming new synapses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subconscious control of skeletal muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It includes the ability to learn, retain, and process knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lack a fully formed corpus callosum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cochlea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conductive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receives, filters, and directs afferent sensory impulses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypophysis (Pituitary gland) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulate hair cells in the macula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leads to a coma or persistent vegetative state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hair cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of hair cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Olfactory relay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semicircular canals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Third and fourth ventricles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cochlear implants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activate cortex into a state of wakefulness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cochlea and vestibular complex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relay impulses from the cord to the cerebrum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cytoskeleton is the internal framework of a cell, made of microfilaments and microtubules. It supports organelles and chromosomes.

Cilia are cell extensions that move substances or propel the cell.

Movement of a substance from a high concentration area to a low concentration area across a membrane

Movement of substances across a cell membrane without energy input.

Movement of water from a high water concentration area to a low water concentration area across a membrane.

A membrane that allows some substances to pass through but not others.

A DNA molecule wrapped around proteins.

Cell division for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

The electrical charge difference across a neuron's membrane at rest.

The TMP of a neuron when it's not sending a signal.

A change to the TMP that decreases in strength over a distance.

A rapid, large change in the neuron's TMP propagated down the axon.

Action potential movement along an unmyelinated axon, a step-by-step process of depolarization.

Loss of sensation below the level of the damaged area.

A pathway for impulses (reflexes) that doesn't go through the brain. Examples include heart rate, blood pressure, sneezing, knee jerk.

Central Nervous System (CNS) neurons that relay stimuli between sensory and motor neurons.

Folds and grooves on the surface of the cerebrum that increase surface area for gray matter.

Responsible for motor control, planning, decision-making, and personality.

Receives and processes sensory information from the body. Different areas are responsible for different senses.

Brain regions that analyze and interpret sensory information, involved in memory, emotions, problem-solving, speech, and understanding concepts.

Plays a crucial role in complex thought and analysis, allowing words to be recognized and understood.

The thalamus receives sensory information from the body, filters it, and directs it to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex. It also relays information from the hypothalamus to the cortex.

The inner ear, also known as the labyrinth, is responsible for two main functions: receiving sound and maintaining equilibrium (balance).

The cochlea, a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear, converts sound vibrations into electrical signals that the brain can interpret as sound.

The hypothalamus is the control center for maintaining homeostasis. It regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep-wake cycles.

The mamillary bodies are involved in the relay of olfactory information (smell).

The bony labyrinth is a hard passageway within the temporal bone, while the membranous labyrinth is a soft, fluid-filled passageway within the bony labyrinth.

The spiral organ, also known as the Organ of Corti, contains tiny hair cells that are critical for hearing. When these hair cells are stimulated by sound vibrations, they trigger nerve impulses sent to the brain.

The pineal gland produces and secretes melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles.

The vestibular complex is responsible for maintaining balance and equilibrium. It consists of two parts: the labyrinth sacs and the semicircular canals.

The midbrain connects the brain stem to the superior parts of the brain and relays nerve impulses between them.

The pons is responsible for relaying nerve impulses from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum and vice versa.

The labyrinth sacs, which include the utricle and saccule, are responsible for static equilibrium. They help you maintain balance when you are still.

The semicircular canals are responsible for dynamic equilibrium. They detect movement and help you maintain balance when you are moving.

The medulla oblongata is the control center for regulating basic life functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.

Otoliths are tiny calcium carbonate crystals found in the labyrinth sacs. When you move, these crystals shift and stimulate hair cells, sending signals to the brain about your position and movement.

The reticular formation is responsible for maintaining wakefulness and filtering sensory information before it reaches the cerebral cortex. It's a network of neurons throughout the brainstem.

Dyslexia is a learning disability that affects reading and writing. People with dyslexia may have difficulty with letter recognition, word decoding, and spelling. It is caused by a combination of brain differences and learning behaviors.

While both halves (hemispheres) of the brain are active, one hemisphere is usually dominant for certain functions. The non-dominant hemisphere is often responsible for non-verbal skills, spatial awareness, and visual and auditory pattern recognition.

A thick band of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain. It allows communication between the hemispheres, facilitating coordination of various functions.

Knowledge refers to possessing facts, learning is the process of acquiring new knowledge, and memory is the retention of that learned knowledge.

Short-term memory is brief, electrical in function. It works like a temporary circuit. Long-term memory is long lasting, structural in function. It involves forming new connections (synapses) in the brain.

Clusters of gray matter located below the lateral ventricles. They are responsible for subconscious control of skeletal muscles and coordination of learned movements. They also produce the neurotransmitter dopamine.

A type of traumatic brain injury caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head. The brain moves rapidly back and forth, causing damage to brain cells and chemical imbalances.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity, and slow movements. It results from the death of cells in the basal nuclei that produce dopamine.