Biological Illustrations and Structures Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the principal renewable source of high-value monomers mentioned?

  • Petroleum
  • Coal
  • Minerals
  • Polyphenols and organic acids (correct)

    • Ethylene has been produced from agricultural products like sugarcane since 2010.

    True

    Which monomer extraction methods were improved by Abdelrahman et al.?

    Hydrogenation and decarboxylation of itaconic acid

    Ethylene is derived from the fermentation and dehydration of _____.

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Fermentation and dehydration = Process converting glucose into ethylene Decarbonylation = Transformation of fatty acids into olefins Hydrogenation = Method to improve yield of monomer extraction Dehydro-decyclization = Isolation of dienes and isoprene from itaconic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the techniques that achieved an 82% yield of olefins from fatty acids?

    <p>Using common nickel salts for deoxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The industrial processes mentioned improve the end-of-life environmental persistence of polymers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a key material used to produce bio-polyethylene (Bio-PE).

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of proteins found in gluten?

    <p>Polymeric glutenins and monomeric gliadins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of formaldehyde in producing durable wood panels is a common practice.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do glycerol and gluten viscoelasticity play in bioplastics production?

    <p>Glycerol acts as a plasticizer, and gluten's viscoelasticity allows for thermomechanical processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultured bacteria like ________ and ________ have shown potential as alternative polymer materials.

    <p>E.coli, Lactobacillus rhamnosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bacteria with their indentation moduli ranges:

    <p>E.coli = 5–42 GPa Lactobacillus rhamnosus = 5–30 GPa Saccharomyces cerevisiae = 1–30 GPa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key disadvantage of traditional biopolymer extraction methods?

    <p>These methods produce excessive waste and are energy-intensive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jiménez-Rosado et al. produced bioplastics using a combination of proteins and petrochemical binders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What innovative approach is discussed for the sustainable design of polymers?

    <p>Material farming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polymers can be derived from β-methyl-δ-valerolactone (MVL)?

    <p>Thermoplastic polyurethane (PU)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degree of degradation of poly(alkylene xylosediglyoxylates) is independent of the diol molecule used in polymerization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of recycled plastic filler was used to improve compatibility with mortar?

    <p>5 wt%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recovery and reuse percentage of the MVL monomer when poly(MVL) is depolymerized at low temperatures?

    <p>97%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi can grow in any shape regardless of the substrate they colonize.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What network of filaments do fungi form as they colonize a substrate?

    <p>mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    3-MTHF stands for 3-methyl-________.

    <p>tetrahydrofuran</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following monomers has been adapted to facilitate degradation?

    <p>β-methyl-δ-valerolactone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycelium has diverse mechanical properties, fast growth times, and is also __________.

    <p>biodegradable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following abbreviations with their full terms:

    <p>3-MTHF = 3-methyl-tetrahydrofuran γMCL = γ-methyl-ε-caprolactone MBDO = 2-methyl-1,4-butanediol MGBL = methyl-γ-butyrolactone PLLA = poly(l-lactide)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features with their correct processes:

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase = Interconversion of CO2 and HCO3– Rubisco = Carbon fixation in photosynthesis Gel = Biomaterial matrix Mycelium = Extended network of fungal hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate compressive strength achieved with the use of MICP?

    <p>55 MPa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The energetic reaction pathway for the isolation of isoprene involves itaconic acid and the 3-MTHF intermediate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycelium-based composites have low fabrication costs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main characteristics of poly(MVL) when depolymerized?

    <p>It is depolymerizable at low temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of __________ uses bacteria to heal cracks in materials over time.

    <p>biomineralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial mechanism is responsible for increasing the surrounding pH in Mortar Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP)?

    <p>Urea hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Commercialization efforts for bio-based building materials consume more energy than conventional materials.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the compressive strength achieved by bricks formed using Bacillus pasteurii biomineralization after 28 days?

    <p>8 MPa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of photosynthetic cyanobacteria in mortar induces MICP by metabolizing _____ and releasing OH−.

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of strength recovery was achieved for mortars containing 12 wt% Spirulina sp. after micro-cracking?

    <p>35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cell viability percentage in living building materials at high humidity and low temperature?

    <p>9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following microorganisms with their functions in building materials.

    <p>Bacillus pasteurii = Biomineralization for brick binding Spirulina = Enhances lime mortar strength Cyanobacteria = Promotes MICP by metabolizing CO2 Bacillus sp. = Urea hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Living microorganisms have been used in building materials as _______, allowing them to act as binders and compatibilizers.

    <p>fillers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate compressive strength achieved through the use of MICP?

    <p>55 MPa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi can only grow in specific shapes depending on the substrate they colonize.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the filamentous structure called that fungi use to colonize substrates?

    <p>hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycelia offer diverse mechanical properties, fast growth times, and __________.

    <p>biodegradability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following fungal structures with their characteristics:

    <p>Hyphae = Filamentous cells for growth Mycelium = Network formed by hyphae Substrate = Surface that supports growth Extracellular polymeric substances = Bind mycelium to substrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material can be used to enhance the environmental footprint of cementitious materials?

    <p>Recycled plastic filler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycelium can be used as a building material due to its mechanical properties.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What processing technique results in higher strength recovery for mortars containing certain microorganisms?

    <p>Microbial induced crack healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi create __________ that enhance the mechanical properties of biodegradable materials.

    <p>mycelium composites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT attributed to the mycelium/substrate composites?

    <p>High fabrication costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biopolymer Extraction and Production

    • Polyphenols, organic acids, and their derivatives are key renewable sources for high-value monomers used in plastics.
    • Ethylene, a crucial monomer for commodity plastics, is derived from fermentation and dehydration of glucose obtained from sugarcane, leading to bio-polyethylene (Bio-PE) production since around 2010.
    • Efficient extraction techniques using nickel salts can achieve up to 82% yield of olefins from fatty acids, minimizing the use of rare reactants.
    • Hydrogenation and decarboxylation of itaconic acid can isolate dienes and isoprene with a yield of 72%.

    Advances in Biomass-derived Monomers

    • β-methyl-δ-valerolactone (MVL) can be produced from sugar, used for thermoplastic polyurethane (PU), with high depolymerizability at low temperatures, enabling 97% recovery and reuse of MVL.
    • Poly(alkylene xylosediglyoxylates) synthesized from lignocellulosic saccharides demonstrate chemical recyclability and degradability via hydrolysis.
    • Acetal groups included in lignin-derived monomers promote degradation in polymers.

    Use of Whole Biomatter for Sustainable Materials

    • Utilizing raw or minimally processed biomatter reduces energy costs associated with extraction processes.
    • Cultured bacteria, such as E. coli and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, can be turned into self-bonded films with significant mechanical strength and low manufacturing energy consumption.
    • Bacterial mineralization methods improve the properties of mortar or building materials through crack healing mechanisms.

    Fungi as a Sustainable Resource

    • Fungal biomass, particularly mycelium, can be shaped into various structures and is biodegradable, showing promise for low-cost, fast-growing sustainable materials.
    • Mycelium composites demonstrate diverse mechanical properties and can improve compatibility with recycled materials.

    Environmental Impact and Innovations

    • Living building materials (LBMs) enabled by microbial processes enhance sustainability in construction, featuring improved cell viability and reduced environmental impact.
    • Engineered materials incorporating living organisms can possess properties that are compatible and effective in structural applications, promoting a decrease in cement's environmental footprint.

    Sustainable Materials from Renewable Sources

    • Research tracks focus on producing sustainable materials by utilizing biomatter such as algae, bacteria, and fungi.
    • Various biopolymers can be synthesized using monomers extracted from renewable resources to create novel or existing polymers.

    Protein-Based Sustainable Materials

    • Lysozyme, with dual α-helix and β-sheet structures, can reinforce cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) films, enhancing toughness by 84% at a 10% protein concentration.
    • Casein from milk is used with glycerol and pectin to produce films for edible food packaging, influenced by structural protein interaction and plasticizers.

    Biofilm and Bacterial Interactions

    • A symbiotic relationship between Acetobacter aceti bacteria and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii microalgae leads to the creation of composite biofilms, integrating bacterial cellulose (BC) and microalgal by-products.
    • Genetically engineered E. coli, combined with Gluconacetobacter hansenii, results in composite capsules with interfacial BC matrices and hardened cores through biomineralization.

    Bacterial Biomineralization

    • Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) enables self-healing properties in concrete, filling cracks when bacteria are activated by moisture and air.
    • Ureolytic bacteria such as Bacillus sp. and photosynthetic cyanobacteria can enhance MICP, significantly increasing concrete strength recovery after micro-cracking.

    Living Building Materials (LBMs)

    • LBMs incorporate live microorganisms to act as binders and compatibilizers, enhancing strength and sustainability.
    • Bacillus pasteurii helps bind clay and sand, producing bricks with compressive strength reaching 8 MPa, demonstrating solid strength compared to conventional materials.

    Fungal Applications

    • Fungi form mycelium networks through filamentous cells that adapt to the substrate shape, facilitating the creation of mycelium-based composites.
    • Mycelium composites are derived from fast-growing, low-cost, and biodegradable materials, offering various mechanical properties.

    Environmental Impact and Future Applications

    • Strategies such as MICP reduce the environmental footprint of sustainable cementitious materials by incorporating recycled plastics while maintaining structural integrity.
    • The potential for commercialization of bio-based materials suggests a shift towards sustainable practices in construction and manufacturing industries.

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    Related Documents

    Campbell et al. 2023 PDF - Progress in Sustainable Polymers from Biological Matter
    Annual Review of Materials Research: Progress in Sustainable Polymers from Biological Matter (PDF) 2023

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various biological illustrations, including protein structures, plant cell bioplastics, and network illustrations. This quiz features images adapted from BioRender.com and scientific references, focusing on polyphenols and organic acids. Perfect for students studying biology at an advanced level.

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