Biological Hazards in Outdoor Activities
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a sustainable ecosystem?

  • An area with many invasive species
  • An area with frequent disturbances
  • A natural and undisturbed area with constant characteristics over time (correct)
  • An unnatural, man-made area

    • What happens to the charge of an atom when it gains an electron?

  • The charge remains the same.
  • It becomes neutral, with no charge.
  • It becomes a cation with a positive charge.
  • It becomes an anion with a negative charge. (correct)

    • What is the main function of ozone in the Earth's atmosphere?

  • To filter out harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. (correct)
  • To produce oxygen for breathing.
  • To absorb infrared radiation and heat the Earth.
  • To reflect ultraviolet radiation back into space.

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ionic compound?

    <p>It can be easily broken down into its constituent elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an alloy and a compound?

    <p>Compounds are formed by chemical reactions, while alloys are formed by physical mixing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the formation of an ion?

    <p>An ion is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To speed up the rate of the reaction without being consumed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the leaves of a metal leaf electroscope when a positively charged object is brought near the top of it?

    <p>The leaves will spread apart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide?

    <p>H2O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the behavior of two objects with opposite charges?

    <p>They will attract each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a common element found in many substances?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between speciation and extinction rates?

    <p>Extinction rates are currently greater than speciation rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary ecological impact of invasive species?

    <p>They compete with native species and cause pollution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of a mechanical control method for pests?

    <p>Using physical barriers or removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between bioaccumulation and bioamplification?

    <p>Bioaccumulation is the buildup of substances in an organism, while bioamplification is increase of a substance as it moves up a food chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which forest harvesting method is most likely to negatively impact soil through erosion?

    <p>Clear-cutting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do synthetic fertilizers primarily differ from natural fertilizers in their environmental impact?

    <p>Synthetic fertilizers cause more ecological problems than natural fertilizers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is typical of engineered ecosystems like farmlands?

    <p>Uniform abiotic features and low biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do monocultures contribute to the use of pesticides?

    <p>Monocultures create ideal conditions for certain pests, increasing reliance on pesticides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are cities considered major sources of air and water pollution?

    <p>Urban areas have high consumption rates and produce significant waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between sulfur dioxide and acid precipitation?

    <p>Sulfur dioxide can react in atmosphere to form acid precipitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic physical property that can be used to identify a pure substance?

    <p>Density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the melting point of a substance?

    <p>The substance changes from solid to liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key limitation of tidal energy generation?

    <p>Tidal generation is only suitable for areas with significant tidal changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property distinguishes compounds from elements?

    <p>Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are heterogeneous mixtures categorized?

    <p>Can be easily separated and particles are distinguishable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a renewable energy source, according to the text?

    <p>Biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is steam used in thermal generation?

    <p>Steam is used to power a turbine, which then generates electricity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that ice floats on water?

    <p>Water is denser than ice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of small-scale hydroelectric generating plants compared to large dams?

    <p>Small-scale plants have a much smaller impact on the environment because they do not require dams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state of matter is characterized by having a defined shape and volume?

    <p>Solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a chemical property?

    <p>Reactivity with acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the 'feeder rods' in a nuclear power plant?

    <p>Feeder rods control the rate of nuclear fission by absorbing neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a common method for using biomass as an energy source?

    <p>Using biomass to generate electricity using solar power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a molecule?

    <p>Two or more different atoms chemically bonded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key similarity between uranium and fossil fuels?

    <p>Both are used to generate heat, which is then used to produce steam and electricity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is nuclear fission?

    <p>The process of splitting atoms to release energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary component of Earth's structure?

    <p>Biosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the sun's energy is used for photosynthesis?

    <p>0.023%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of a chemical formula for photosynthesis, what do the reactants primarily represent?

    <p>Substances converted into sugars and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes the primary role of the autotroph in an ecosystem?

    <p>Producing its own food using sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cellular respiration?

    <p>Converts sugar and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main feature of a system at equilibrium?

    <p>Biotic and abiotic features remain relatively constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ecological succession, what typically initiates the process?

    <p>A disturbance such as a fire or storm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a 'dominant species' in an ecosystem?

    <p>It has a large impact on numbers and the health of the ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes 'speciation'?

    <p>The process in which one species evolves into two or more species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trophic level consists of herbivores?

    <p>Second trophic level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of indicator species in an ecosystem?

    <p>To identify major disturbances in the abiotic and biotic environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant aspect of the nitrogen cycle?

    <p>Removed from the atmosphere by soil microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does carrying capacity refer to in an ecosystem?

    <p>The maximum population size an ecosystem can sustain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abiotic factor heavily influences biome formation?

    <p>The precipitation and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a cultural ecosystem service?

    <p>Aesthetic enjoyment of nature and its beauty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following energy sources produces no air or water pollution?

    <p>Geothermal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major drawback of nuclear power plants?

    <p>Low efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for electrical energy usage, commonly used on utility bills?

    <p>Kilowatt-hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the LEAST efficient way to produce electricity, based on the text?

    <p>Coal-fired power plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why electricity costs are higher during peak times?

    <p>Increased demand for electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) over incandescent bulbs?

    <p>CFLs use less electrical energy for the same light output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a photovoltaic cell?

    <p>To convert light energy directly into electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using wind turbines to generate electricity?

    <p>Minimal visual impact on the landscape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the temperature of water returned to a lake after being used in a nuclear power plant a cause for concern?

    <p>The warmer water can reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between electrical power and energy usage?

    <p>Power is the rate at which energy is consumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why the efficiency of a device is an important consideration?

    <p>To minimize the energy input required for a given output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the MOST expensive time to consume electrical energy?

    <p>Weekdays, 9 am to 5 pm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary environmental consequence of burning fossil fuels?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do series circuits differ from parallel circuits?

    <p>Series circuits have multiple paths for current flow, while parallel circuits have only one path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using geothermal energy to generate electricity?

    <p>It is a renewable and clean energy source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a fuse in an electrical circuit?

    <p>To protect the circuit from overloading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major effect of acid precipitation on ecosystems?

    <p>Decline in species numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cleaning method involves setting oil on fire to reduce its impact on the environment?

    <p>Burning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of pure substances?

    <p>Made of only one type of particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a uniform mixture of two or more substances that cannot be visually distinguished?

    <p>Solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes plastics to break down into smaller pieces in the ocean?

    <p>Sunlight and wave action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a qualitative physical property?

    <p>Color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process results in the production of new substances?

    <p>Chemical change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a solid that separates from a solution?

    <p>Precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant cause of species extinction linked to human activities?

    <p>Habitat destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes viscosity?

    <p>Resistance of a fluid to flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which committee assesses endangered wildlife in Canada?

    <p>COSEWIC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of human population growth on the environment?

    <p>Higher demand for resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a mechanical mixture?

    <p>Granola bar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do particles behave as temperature increases?

    <p>They move faster and have increased energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification do the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune fall under?

    <p>Gas giant planets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about meteorites is correct?

    <p>Meteorites can create craters upon impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason a comet develops a coma when near the sun?

    <p>The outer surface sublimates into gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes short-period comets from long-period comets?

    <p>Short-period comets take less than 200 years to orbit the sun.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition must a celestial object meet to be classified as a planet?

    <p>Must dominate its orbit around a star.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main composition of asteroids in the solar system?

    <p>Primarily made of rock and metal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the majority of dwarf planets reside in the solar system?

    <p>Beyond the orbit of Neptune.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the orbital period of a planet?

    <p>The time it takes a planet to complete a revolution around the sun.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes a solution?

    <p>A homogeneous mixture where one substance dissolves into another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an alkali metal?

    <p>An element in group 1 of the periodic table that is highly reactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an isotope?

    <p>Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between charcoal and graphite?

    <p>Graphite has a regular structure, while charcoal does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes a cation?

    <p>A positively charged ion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies an ionic compound?

    <p>A compound consisting of positively and negatively charged ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a solvent in a solution?

    <p>To dissolve the solutes into a homogeneous mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The periodic table is organized into families primarily based on what property?

    <p>Similar chemical properties of elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be made about a neutral atom?

    <p>It has an equal number of protons and electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Rutherford's gold foil experiment reveal about the structure of the atom?

    <p>Most of the mass is concentrated in a small central nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of atomic structure, what is an electron's primary characteristic?

    <p>It has a negative charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the properties of metalloids compare to metals and non-metals?

    <p>Metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mechanical mixture characterized by?

    <p>It appears murky and the substances can be visually separated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'atomic mass' refer to?

    <p>The average mass of an atom in atomic mass units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a negatively charged object is brought near an electroscope?

    <p>Electrons are repelled, causing the ball to become positively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does electrostatic paint reduce paint waste?

    <p>By giving paint and object opposite charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during charging by conduction?

    <p>Electrons move from a material with a larger negative charge to one with a smaller negative charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is used to neutralize excess charge from an object?

    <p>Grounding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about insulators is correct?

    <p>Electrons are tightly bound to atoms in insulators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of charging by induction?

    <p>The inducing object retains its charge while the neutral object becomes oppositely charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to particles in smoke when they pass through negatively charged plates?

    <p>They gain a negative charge by conduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does charging by friction occur?

    <p>By rubbing two neutral materials together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lightning rods play?

    <p>They provide a safe path for lightning to ground.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during an electric discharge?

    <p>Heat is generated from rapid electron movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinction between static and current electricity?

    <p>Static electricity involves electron accumulation, while current electricity involves controlled flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a positively charged object is grounded?

    <p>Electrons flow from the ground into the object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the process of charging by induction, what is true for both objects involved?

    <p>They retain their respective charges after contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a load in an electric circuit?

    <p>To convert electrical energy into usable forms of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates primary cells from secondary cells?

    <p>Primary cells are used once and discarded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fuel cells is true?

    <p>They have a continuous supply of reactants during operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do conducting wires play in an electric circuit?

    <p>They provide a pathway for the flow of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of current flows in one direction only?

    <p>Direct current (DC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a switch in an electric circuit?

    <p>To control the flow of electrons by opening or closing the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of alternating current (AC)?

    <p>Electrons frequently change their direction of flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common source of electrical energy in households?

    <p>Both batteries and electric generating stations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an electric cell?

    <p>To convert chemical energy into electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is electricity most commonly generated at electric generating stations?

    <p>By converting mechanical energy into electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of lead-acid batteries?

    <p>They can be recharged and reused multiple times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which materials are involved in a hydrogen fuel cell?

    <p>Hydrogen and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of using a turbine in electrical generation?

    <p>The movement of the turbine induces electron flow in a coil of wire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using hydroelectric power?

    <p>It can produce electrical energy continuously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device is used to measure electric current?

    <p>Ammeter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Ohm's law, what happens to current when the potential difference increases?

    <p>Current increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must a voltmeter be connected to in a circuit to operate correctly?

    <p>In parallel with the load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does electrical resistance measure?

    <p>The opposition to electric current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for connecting an ammeter in series with a load?

    <p>To ensure accurate current measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the sun's core?

    <p>It is the region of nuclear fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate ratio of the sun's mass compared to Earth's mass?

    <p>340,000 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can we see planets in the night sky even though they do not produce their own light?

    <p>They reflect light from the sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of celestial body is considered a star?

    <p>A massive body of hot gases emitting energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which planets are classified as terrestrial planets?

    <p>Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are solar winds?

    <p>They are streams of high energy particles from the sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to electrons as they move through a material with high resistance?

    <p>They lose energy and heat up the material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the angle of solar activity creation around sunspots affect Earth?

    <p>It can affect artificial satellites and their orbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the photosphere's grainy appearance?

    <p>Formation of convection cells called granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biological Hazards

    • Ragweed, pollen, viruses, peanuts, bee stings: Examples of biological hazards.
    • Camping biohazards: Include bee stings, deer ticks, toxic plants, bats, mouse droppings, and uncooked food.
    • Bee stings: Can cause itching, allergic reactions.
    • Deer ticks: Carry Lyme disease, causing body aches and fatigue, which is treatable with antibiotics.
    • Toxic plants: Can cause injury or death.
    • Bats: Can carry rabies.
    • Mouse droppings: Can transmit hantavirus.
    • Uncooked food: Can cause foodborne illnesses, such as E. coli or salmonella.

    Biohazard Personal Protection Outdoors

    • Clothing: Wear light-colored clothing, long pants, socks, and shoes.
    • Tick Check: Check for ticks and use insect repellent.

    Biohazards - Needles

    • Locations: Can be found in schoolyards, parks, beaches, streets, and homes.
    • Avoidance: Avoid contact with needles.

    Sources of Biohazards

    • People: A source of biohazards.
    • Pets and wildlife: A source of biohazards.
    • Insects: A source of biohazards.
    • Food and water: Dirty food and water can be sources of biohazards.
    • Needles: Dirty needles are a source of biohazards.

    Infections – Spread

    • Contaminated Materials: Infections spread when shared materials aren't properly cleaned.
    • Airborne Infections: Eye infections are airborne and spread quickly.

    Personal Hygiene - Sharing

    • Avoid: Avoid sharing food, drinks, clothing, makeup, hairbrushes, etc.
    • Handwashing: Always wash hands thoroughly after touching dirty or contaminated surfaces.

    Chemical Hazards

    • WHMIS: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System.
    • Purpose: To ensure awareness of health and safety hazards related to hazardous chemicals, and avoid unsafe use.
    • Supplier Responsibility: Suppliers must provide labels and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).
    • Employer Responsibility: Employers must provide labels and train workers on WHMIS procedures.
    • Worker Responsibility: Workers must inform employers of hazards.
    • Information Sources: WHMIS information is provided through labels, MSDS, and instructional programs.

    WHMIS Symbols

    • 8 Distinctive Symbols: Compressed gas, flammable & explosive, oxidizing materials, poisonous & infectious, corrosive materials, dangerously reactive materials. (Infectious are divided into materials with immediate/serious toxic effects and other toxic effects).

    Sustainability

    • Definition: Resources that last for a long time.
    • Sustainable Ecosystem: Natural, undisturbed areas. Characteristics are constant over time.
    • Unsustainable Ecosystem: Unnatural, disturbed areas. Need care for survival.

    Earth's Main Components

    • Atmosphere: Layer of gases surrounding Earth. Contains water, carbon dioxide, ozone.
    • Lithosphere: Solid outer layer (crust and upper mantle). Extends 100 km down. Includes soil.
    • Hydrosphere: All water on Earth. Mostly saltwater oceans.
    • Biosphere: Areas where life exists within the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.

    The Sun

    • Energy Distribution: 30% reflected, 44% heats surfaces, 25% evaporates water, 1% wind, 0.023% photosynthesis.

    Trophic Levels

    • 1st: Green plants (autotrophs).
    • 2nd: Herbivores (e.g., bunnies, deer).
    • 3rd: Carnivores (e.g., wolves, bears).

    Food Chain Example

    • Grass → grasshopper → frog → snake → hawk

    Types of Organisms

    • Autotroph: Makes its own food (e.g., plants).
    • Heterotroph: Cannot make its own food. Includes herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.

    Chemical Formulas

    • Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
    • Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (heat)

    Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration

    • Photosynthesis: Plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen.
    • Cellular Respiration: Organisms convert sugars and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

    Food Webs/Energy Transfer

    • Niche: Each species occupies a unique niche.
    • Relationships: Feeding relationships are represented by food chains, food webs, and trophic levels.
    • Energy Loss: Energy is continuously lost to the environment.
    • Trophic Levels & Energy: Higher trophic levels have less available energy.
    • Ecological Pyramids: Display energy, number, and biomass relationships.

    Biogeochemical Cycles

    • Cycling of Matter: Matter is cycled through ecosystems via biogeochemical cycles.
    • Water Cycle: Water exists in all states during the water cycle.
    • Carbon Cycle: Carbon moves between abiotic and biotic components via photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
    • Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere by microorganisms, fixed, and returned by denitrifying bacteria.

    Biotic/Abiotic Factors

    • Population Limits: Many factors limit population sizes.
    • Tolerance Ranges: Describe physical conditions where a species can survive.
    • Ecosystem Factors: Ecosystem type is influenced by abiotic factors like light, water, and temperature.
    • Species Interactions: Include competition, predation, mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism.
    • Carrying Capacity: Maximum population size an ecosystem can sustain.

    Major Terrestrial Ecosystems

    • Biome Factors: Precipitation and temperature influence biome formation.
    • Biome Characteristics: Distinct biotic and abiotic characteristics.
    • Canadian Biomes: Tundra, boreal forest, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, mountain forest.
    • Boreal Forest: Largest biome in Canada.

    Aquatic Ecosystems

    • Freshwater/Marine: Aquatic ecosystems are either freshwater or marine.
    • Productivity: Most productive ecosystems are shallow, warm, nutrient-rich.
    • Intertidal Zones: Abiotic conditions continuously alternate.
    • Intertidal Species: Can survive varying abiotic conditions.

    Ecosystem Products

    • Examples: Maple syrup (maple trees), henna (plant extracts), waxes (carnauba palm leaves), aspirin (willow trees).

    Ecosystem Services

    • Protection: Ecosystems protect from physical threats (diseases, etc.).
    • Regulation/Maintenance: Ecosystems maintain abiotic and biotic features.
    • Cultural Services: Benefits from enjoying the environment.
    • Products: Provide wood fiber, medicines, and food.

    Equilibrium & Change

    • Equilibrium: Most ecosystems are in a state of equilibrium.
    • Stability: Equilibrium is maintained by stable abiotic conditions.

    Ecological Succession

    • Disturbances: Succession is initiated by disturbances (e.g., fire).
    • Primary Succession: Occurs on soil or bare rock without prior life.
    • Secondary Succession: Follows a disturbance but not total loss of life.

    Species/Organisms

    • Monoculture: Growing only one crop.
    • Dominant Species: Affect ecosystem health.
    • Indicator Species: Show changes in the environment (e.g., frogs).
    • Biodiversity: Variety of animals and organisms in an environment.
    • Speciation: Increase in biodiversity when one species splits into two or more.
    • Extinction: Decline in biodiversity when a species disappears.
    • Extinction Rates: Currently higher than speciation rates.
    • Invasive Species: Non-native species with growing populations that harm the environment.
    • Native/Non-native species: Native originate from the area, while non-native are introduced.

    Impact of Invasive Species

    • Ecological: Outcompeting native species, pollution.
    • Economical: Costs from damage.
    • Health: Transmission of viruses.
    • Control Methods
    • Chemical: Pesticides used on pests with economic value reducing crop damage but polluting air, water and soil
    • Mechanical: Physical removal or barriers
    • Pest/Pesticide: Pest = organism competing with or harming crops pesticide = kills pests
    • Broad/Narrow Spectrum: Broad pesticide = toxic to a wide range of species Narrow pesticide = toxic to a limited number of species
    • Herbicide: Pesticide that kills plants

    Bioaccumulation/Bioamplification

    • Bioaccumulation: Substances building up in organisms through consuming food.
    • Bioamplification: Substances increasing as they move up a food chain.

    Acid Precipitation

    • Causes: Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide from industrial processes and fossil fuel burning.
    • Effects: Species decline, nutrient depletion in soil, damaged vegetation and slower growth.

    Waste & Water

    • Oil Spills: Oil is toxic, slow to break down, and forms large slicks.
    • Cleanup Methods: Skimming, burning, and dispersal agents to clean oil spills.

    Plastics at Sea

    • Persistence: Plastic does not degrade, lasting for hundreds/thousands of years.
    • Production: Billions of tons produced annually; recycling is a small fraction.
    • Garbage Patches: Massive plastic mats in the ocean, notably the North Pacific Garbage Patch.
    • Impact: Fragments are ingested by fish and seabirds, causing blockage.

    Endangered Species

    • Extinction: Natural or human-caused elimination of a species.
    • COSEWIC: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada; assesses and designates endangered species.
    • Human Causes: Habitat destruction, overhunting/fishing, animal products, pollution.

    Particle Theory

    • Nature of Matter: All matter is made of tiny particles with spaces between them.
    • Substance Differences: Different substances have different types of particles.
    • Motion: Particles are in constant, random motion.
    • Temperature & Motion: Particles move faster at higher temperatures.
    • Attraction: Particles attract each other.

    Pure Substances/Mixtures

    • Pure Substances: Made of only one type of particle (e.g., tap water).
    • Mixtures: Made of two or more types of particles, and can be solid, liquid, or gaseous.

    Mechanical Mixtures/Solutions

    • Mechanical Mixtures: Mixtures in which different types of matter are easily distinguishable.
    • Solutions: Uniform mixtures in which different particles are not visibly distinguishable.
    • Clarity Distinction: Clear liquids/gases are solutions; murky mixtures are mechanical.
    • Alloy: Solid solutions of two or more metals (e.g., solder).

    Physical Properties

    • Definition: Characteristics determined without altering composition.
    • Observation & Measurement: Observed using senses and instruments.
    • Qualitative Properties: Non-numerical characteristics (color, odor, texture).
    • Quantitative Properties: Numerical characteristics (temperature, mass).
    • Viscosity: Fluid resistance to flow.
    • Physical Change: Change in form without changing the composition.
    • Chemical Properties: Describe ability to undergo chemical changes.
    • Chemical Change: Change in substances and formation of new substances.
    • Evidence of Chemical Change: Color change, odor change, bubbling (gas production), formation of a solid, temperature or light change.
    • Precipitate: Solid that separates from a solution.
    • Characteristic Physical Properties: Unique characteristics that identify a substance.
    • Density: Mass per unit volume.
    • Melting Point: Temperature for solid to liquid state change.
    • Freezing Point: Temperature for liquid to solid state change.
    • Boiling Point: Temperature for liquid to gas state change.
    • Water Density: Water in solid state (ice) is less dense than liquid water.

    Matter

    • Definition: Anything with mass and volume.
    • Categories: Elements and compounds.
    • Elements: Pure substances (e.g., iron, copper, carbon).
    • Compounds: Two or more elements chemically joined (e.g., water, sugar).
    • Elements vs. Compounds: Elements are made of only one type of atom; compounds are made of two or more different elements joined.
    • Molecule: A unit of a compound made of two or more atoms.
    • Mixtures: Combinations of two or more substances (elements/compounds).
    • Heterogeneous Mixtures: Components are visible and can be separated. Includes mechanical mixtures and suspensions.
    • Mechanical Mixtures: Easily separated components (e.g. granola bar).
    • Suspensions: Small particles suspended in another substance (e.g. salad dressing).
    • Homogeneous Mixtures: Components are blended and not distinguishable. Includes solutions (one substance dissolving into another).
    • Solvent: Dissolving substance (e.g. water).
    • Solute: Dissolved substance (e.g. sugar).
    • Solution Clarity: A solution will appear clear; a mechanical mixture looks murky.

    Density

    • Definition: Mass per unit volume.

    Table of Elements

    • Element: Pure substance that cannot be broken down.
    • Element Symbol: Abbreviation for an element.
    • Compound: Pure substance made of two or more elements.
    • Metal: Lustrous, malleable, ductile, conducts heat/electricity.
    • Non-metal: Usually gas or dull solid; doesn't conduct heat/electricity.
    • Metalloid: Has properties of both metals and nonmetals.
    • Chemical Family: Column of elements with similar properties. (alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, noble gas)
    • Period: Row on the periodic table.

    Atomic Structure

    • Atom: Smallest unit of an element.
    • Electron: Negatively charged particle.
    • Proton: Positively charged particle (in the nucleus).
    • Neutron: Neutral particle (in the nucleus).
    • Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom.
    • Mass Number: Number of protons + neutrons.
    • Isotope: Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
    • Atomic Mass: Mass of an atom in atomic mass units.
    • Bohr-Rutherford Diagram: Simple drawing showing protons, neutrons, and electrons.

    Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams

    • Model of Atom: Depicts atomic components.
    • Component Identification: Protons = atomic number; Neutrons = difference between mass number and atomic number; Electrons = number of protons (neutral atom).

    History of the Atom

    • Rutherford Experiment: Most particles passed through gold foil, some were deflected.
    • Nucleus Idea: Small, dense, positive nucleus at the center of the atom.
    • Empty Space: Most of an atom is empty space.
    • Electron Cloud: Negatively charged electrons surround the nucleus.
    • Proton Discovery: Rutherford credited with discovering protons.
    • Neutron Discovery: Chadwick discovered neutrons.
    • Bohr Model: Electrons orbit the nucleus, definite energy levels.
    • Energy Level Transitions: Electrons absorb/release energy as light when they move between orbits.

    Structure of Atoms

    • Atom's Components: Extremely small nucleus with electrons surrounding it.

    Patterns in the Periodic Table

    • Chemical Families: Columns with similar properties.
    • Periods: Rows on the table.
    • Mendeleev's Organization: Elements grouped similarly.
    • Predictions: Use of organization to predict undiscovered elements' attributes.

    Charcoal/Diamond/Graphite

    • Charcoal: Disorganized carbon structure; soft black solid.
    • Graphite: Organized carbon structure; layered hexagons; good conductor.
    • Diamond: Organized, interconnected carbon structure; extremely hard.
    • Structural Differences: Impact hardness, density, and conductivity.

    Molecular Elements/Compounds

    • Diatomic Molecules: Seven elements naturally occurring as pairs of atoms (H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2).
    • Chemical Formulas: Subscripts indicate the number of each atom.
    • Varied Ratios: Same elements can form different compounds in different ratios.
    • Ozone: Highly reactive; filters harmful UV light.

    Ionic Compounds

    • Non-molecular Compounds: Made of ions rather than molecules.
    • Formation: Atoms lose or gain electrons to form charged ions.
    • Cations/Anions: Positively/negatively charged ions formed by gaining/losing electrons.
    • Charge Balance: Compounds have an overall neutral charge.

    Metals/Nonmetals

    • Alloys: Mixtures of metals.
    • Formation: Created by mixing molten metals.
    • Ionic Compounds (Metal/Nonmetal): Metals lose electrons ("cations") and nonmetals gain electrons (anions).
    • Covalent Bonding (Nonmetal/Nonmetal): Atoms share electrons.

    Breaking Molecules Apart

    • H2O2 Decomposition: Hydrogen peroxide breaks down into water and oxygen.
    • Catalysts: Substances that speed up reactions without being consumed.

    Electricity

    • Atomic Structure and Charge: Balanced atoms have equal protons and electrons.
    • Charged Objects: Electrons gained/lost give objects net charge (positive/negative).
    • Static Electricity: Accumulation of charge on a surface.
    • Electroscopes: Instruments for detecting charges.
    • Pith Ball/Leaf Electroscope: Used for charge detection.
    • Charge Interaction: Like charges repel; opposite charges attract.
    • Charging by Friction: Transfer of electrons from one material to another.
    • Charging by Conduction: Transfer of electrons by direct contact.
    • Charging by Induction: Transfer of electrons without direct contact.
    • Grounding: Removing charge by transferring electrons to the ground.
    • Electrostatic Precipitators: Remove particles from air using electrostatic charges.
    • Conductors / Insulators: Conductors allow easy electron flow, whereas insulators impede it.
    • Electric Circuits: Continuous conductive pathways and energy source.
    • Loads: Devices transforming electrical energy.
    • Switches: Devices to control electron flow in a circuit..
    • Electric Current: Measurement/rate of electron flow.
    • Ammeter: Measures electric current (connected in series with the component).
    • Potential Difference (Voltage): Difference in potential energy per unit charge.
    • Voltmeter: Measures potential difference (connected in parallel).
    • Electrical Resistance: Material's opposition to current flow (measured in Ohms).
    • Ohm's Law: Voltage = Current * Resistance.
    • Series Circuits: Single electron pathway.
    • Parallel Circuits: Multiple electron pathways.

    Outer Space

    • Celestial Objects: Stars, planets, moons.
    • The Sun: Massive, hot gas radiating energy.
    • Solar Activity: Nuclear fusion reactions generate energy. Solar flares and prominences.
    • Solar Wind: Stream of high-energy particles.
    • Planets: Inner (rocky, similar to Earth) and outer (gas giants).
    • Dwarf Planets: (e.g. Pluto)
    • Asteroids/Meteoroids: Rocky/metallic objects.
    • Comets: Icy bodies.
    • Comets & Sublimation: Comets form a tail when their outer surface sublimate (turn from solid to gas).
    • Astronomical Units (AU): Convenient way to measure distances.

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    Test your knowledge on biological hazards encountered while camping and the health risks associated with them. This quiz covers personal protection measures, ecosystems, atomic charges, and the importance of workplace safety information systems. Challenge yourself and ensure you are well-informed for outdoor adventures.

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