Biological and Chemical Hazards
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Questions and Answers

What significance is associated with the presence of epithelial casts?

  • Normal cellular metabolism
  • Early signs of dehydration
  • Increased glomerular filtration rate
  • Advanced tubular destruction (correct)

    • Which type of calcium oxalate crystal is more commonly observed in urine?

  • Sulfate
  • Phosphate
  • Dihydrate (correct)
  • Monohydrate

    • What condition is suggested by the presence of bacterial casts in urine?

  • Pyelonephritis (correct)
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Chronic renal failure
  • Cystitis

    • What is the appearance of finely granular casts?

    <p>Sandpaper appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do foods high in oxalic acid have on calcium oxalate levels?

    <p>Increase calcium oxalate formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has a 'cigarette-butt' appearance?

    <p>Calcium sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are granular casts primarily derived from?

    <p>Lysosomes of RTE cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is soluble in acetic acid?

    <p>Calcium sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive characteristic of hemosiderin crystals?

    <p>Coarse, yellow-brown granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test indicates a positive result for tyrosyluria/tyrosinemia?

    <p>FeCl3 tube test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of urine odor is characteristic of tyrosyluria/tyrosinemia?

    <p>Rancid butter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance can produce crystals mistaken for RBCs?

    <p>Oil droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of acyclovir crystals?

    <p>Colorless slender needles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tyrosinemia is associated with the enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH)?

    <p>Type 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic shape do pollen grains display when observed under a microscope?

    <p>Spheres with a cell wall and concentric circles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a false result of fecal contamination in urinary sediment analysis?

    <p>Hair and fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of blood casts indicate?

    <p>Glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should you report the presence of budding yeast in a specimen?

    <p>Quantitate and report with specific codes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the orange-red colored casts likely contain?

    <p>Hemoglobin from lysed RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of WBC (leukocyte) casts?

    <p>They suggest inflammation or infection in the nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about renal tubular epithelial cells?

    <p>Their average number is reported per 10 HPFs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high level of bacteria per HPF signify?

    <p>Possible urinary tract infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of squamous epithelial cells in a urine sample indicate?

    <p>Contamination from the external urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of significance do crystals in urine have?

    <p>May indicate metabolic abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common laboratory finding in individuals with Lesch-Nyhan disease?

    <p>Increased uric acid levels in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is indicated to show white turbidity in cases of antiglomerular basement membrane disorders?

    <p>Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of Wegener's Granulomatosis?

    <p>Presence of anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly associated with macroscopic hematuria following a viral infection in children?

    <p>Henoch Schönlein Purpura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ANCAs are formed when neutrophils are fixed with ethanol?

    <p>Perinuclear ANCA (p-ANCA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected clinical feature of Sanfilippo Syndrome?

    <p>Only mental retardation as the abnormality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests would show a positive blue color indicating the presence of mucopolysaccharides?

    <p>Mucopolysaccharide (MPS) Paper Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key laboratory finding in Henoch Schönlein Purpura?

    <p>RBC casts in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a lamellar body count (LBC) greater than 32,000/uL indicate?

    <p>Adequate fetal lung maturity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dye characteristic indicates the presence of surfactant when measured?

    <p>Longer fluorescence and low polarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of sputum?

    <p>95% water and 5% solids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to determine the lamellar body count (LBC)?

    <p>Optical scatter method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of an O.D. (Absorbance) greater than 0.150?

    <p>Correlates with a L/S ratio of greater than 2.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of sputum?

    <p>It is a sterile body fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is the most important for sputum viscosity?

    <p>Sialic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acceptable white blood cell count in a sputum specimen?

    <p>25 WBC/LPF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition could lead to false-positive results in a pregnancy test?

    <p>Molar pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily produced by the syncytiotrophoblast cells of the placenta?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of pregnancy does hCG typically peak?

    <p>First trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is commonly used for the collection of specimens for genetic defect assessment during the 2nd trimester?

    <p>Amniocentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical cause of false-negative pregnancy tests?

    <p>Ectopic pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cut-off point for a positive result in home-based hCG pregnancy tests?

    <p>25 mIU/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is performed to assess fetal lung maturity?

    <p>Amniocentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with specimens for cytogenetic studies immediately after collection?

    <p>Keep at room temperature or 37°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to urinary tract deformities in a fetus?

    <p>Spina bifida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a component of the quadruple screening test?

    <p>Fetal hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biological Hazards

    • Potentially harmful organisms can be transmitted through a cycle of infection
    • This cycle requires a source, mode of transmission, and susceptible host
    • Preventing infection requires breaking this chain, focusing on personal protective equipment (PPE) and proper hand hygiene
    • Components of the infection cycle: infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host

    Sharp Hazards

    • Sharp objects (needles, lancets, broken glass) should be disposed of in puncture-resistant containers
    • Workers should carry puncture-resistant containers
    • Accidental needle-stick incidents must be reported to supervisor

    Chemical Hazards

    • Chemical spills should be flushed with large amounts of water for 15 minutes followed by seeking medical attention
    • Never neutralize chemicals on skin
    • Acid spills should be neutralized then soaked up with wet rags or spill pillows
    • Always add acid to water, not water to acid, to prevent splashing

    Radioactive Hazards

    • Procedures involving radioisotopes require precautions against radiation exposure
    • Radioactive waste should be stored in a secure, marked room until its radioactivity decays to a safe level

    Fire/Explosive Hazards

    • Flammable substances should be stored in safety cabinets or explosion-proof refrigerators
    • Laboratory personnel should participate in annual fire drills
    • Actions to take if a fire is discovered: rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish/evacuate

    Electrical Hazards

    • Do not operate electrical equipment with wet hands
    • All electrical equipment should be grounded
    • If an electrical shock occurs, turn off the power, unplug the equipment and move the equipment using a nonconductive object

    Miscellaneous Hazards

    • Ergonomic hazards are related to repetitive movements or positions
    • Cryogenic hazards are related to extremely low temperatures
    • Mechanical hazards related to equipment (centrifuges, refrigerators) and broken glassware
    • Aerosols can be formed from centrifuge accidents

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential safety protocols related to biological and chemical hazards in the workplace. Learn about infection cycles, handling sharp objects, and responding to chemical spills. Understanding these hazards is crucial for maintaining a safe environment.

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