Biological and Chemical Hazards

Cells present in urine from lining of tubules or other parts of the urinary system. Their presence and quantity varied. It is quantitated by per LPF (low power field).

Cylindrical structures in urine composed of white blood cells, indicating inflammation or infection in kidney's nephron region.

Cylindrical structure in urine containing red blood cells., indicating bleeding within the nephron region.; Quantitated by quantity per HPF (high power field).

Urine casts provide insight into potential kidney diseases or conditions.

Cylindrical structures in urine, containing hemoglobin from lysed red blood cells, having characteristic orange-red color.

Presence of bacteria in urine sample implies infection; quantitated by per HPF

Cells from the kidney's tubules; Normal presence can vary and is usually assessed by number per 10 HPF, high power fields.

Clump of leukocytes that resembles, but is not a true cast. Do not report as a cast.

Urinary casts composed of cells (small, round, oval).

Urinary crystals, frequently observed, formed from calcium oxalate.

Urinary casts visible using Gram stain; indicative of infection.

Urinary casts made of granules (from broken down cells).

A specific type of calcium oxalate crystal (oval or dumbbell shape).

A specific type of calcium oxalate crystal (envelope, bipyramidal, octahedron shape).

Kidney disease associated with granular casts.

Damage to structures inside the kidney.

Coarse, yellow-brown granules resembling amorphous urates and detectable by Prussian blue stain.

Colorless slender needles in alkaline urine, strongly birefringent under polarized light.

Slender colorless needles or rectangular plates, often feather-like, forming bundles or sheaves.

Spherical shapes with dimpled centers, sometimes forming a Maltese cross pattern under polarized light.

Oval structures often seen in urine caused by damaged cells.

Tube-like structures in the urine filled with lipids.

Lipid droplets that can be mistaken for red blood cells.

Inherited metabolic disease causing tyrosine build-up in the body.

A genetic disorder causing mental retardation, characterized by the deposition of abnormal substances in the body.

A genetic disorder causing excess uric acid in the body, leading to kidney and other problems.

A test used to detect abnormalities in some genetic disorders by looking for white turbidity.

A screening test used to detect some genetic disorders that results in white turbidity.

A test used to detect some genetic disorders, producing a blue color.

An autoimmune disease causing inflammation in blood vessels, resulting in hematuria and proteinuria.

A disease affecting children, often following viral infections, and characterized by blood in the urine and protein in the urine.

Antibodies that target neutrophils (immune cells) and cause damage to the blood vessels. There are two types.

Mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract, containing cells, bacteria, and other debris.

A procedure where fluid is flushed into the lungs and then collected, providing a sample of airway cells and fluid.

A test that measures the amount of surfactant (a lung-lining substance) compared to albumin (a protein in blood).

A test that counts the number of lamellar bodies, which store surfactant in lung cells.

A high LBC indicates adequate surfactant production, which is essential for healthy lung function.

A measurement of absorbance at a specific wavelength (650 nm) that is associated with the presence of surfactant.

A high OD 650 nm suggests adequate surfactant production and presence of phospholipids, crucial for lung health.

A sputum sample suitable for analysis, typically containing a low number of white blood cells (WBCs) per low power field (LPF).

Produced by the placenta, peaking in the first trimester, and found in blood, urine, and amniotic fluid.

Composed of alpha and beta subunits; alpha is shared with other hormones (LH, FSH, TSH), while beta confers hCG specificity.

An enzyme-immunoassay using 1st morning urine, with a 25 mIU/mL cut-off.

A positive test result when a woman isn't pregnant.

A negative test result when a woman is pregnant.

Procedure to collect amniotic fluid for testing fetal abnormalities.

Used to asses genetic defects, fetal lung maturity, and fetal hemolytic disease.

Tests using alpha-fetoprotein, hCG, unconjugated estriol, and inhibin A for prenatal risk assessment.

Assessment of fetal lung development via amniotic fluid analysis, done usually in 3rd trimester.

Proper handling of amniotic fluid is critical, with different handling requirements for different tests.