Biological Foundations of Mental Health: Brain Anatomy Week 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the main energy demand in a neuron that relates to maintaining the electrical equilibrium of the cell membrane?

  • Sodium-potassium ATP pump activity (correct)
  • Recycling of neurotransmitters
  • Mitochondrial functions
  • Sorting and processing proteins

    • Which organelle in a neuron is responsible for the degradation of proteins and other organelles when faulty?

  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes (correct)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum

    • What is the unique feature of neurons mentioned in the text that relates to their highly specialized function?

  • High energy demand (correct)
  • Excess water content
  • Thicker cell walls
  • Extra cell membrane layers

    • Which organelle in a neuron is known as the 'energy generator of the cell'?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a neuron?

    <p>Additional sorting and processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing, sorting, and processing new proteins in a neuron?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In human brain cells, what percentage of the body's oxygen consumption is used by the brain?

    <p>~20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for maintaining all genetic information in a neuron?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes in a neuron?

    <p>Protein degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cell membrane in a neuron?

    <p>Maintaining electrical equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is mentioned in the text as being associated with Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug mentioned in the text blocks the enzyme responsible for breaking down GABA?

    <p>Vigabatrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of GABA receptors, which drug mentioned in the text is used for investigation rather than clinical application?

    <p>Saclofen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug acts on the GABA A receptor and is commonly used as an anesthetic?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with schizophrenia based on the information provided in the text?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is indicated in the text as blocking the GABA transporter?

    <p>Tiagabine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for converting tryptophan to 5-Hydroxytryptophan?

    <p>Tryptophan hydroxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies responsible for serotonin synthesis located?

    <p>In one part of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transporter is responsible for moving serotonin into vesicles for storage?

    <p>VMAT1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neurotransmitter finally converted to in serotonin synthesis?

    <p>5-HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which other neuropeptides can be co-released along with serotonin during release?

    <p>Somatostatin and substance P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which 5-HT receptor is an example of a ligand-gated ion channel?

    <p>5-HT3 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism that physically blocks the pore in the sodium channel during its inactive state?

    <p>Ball and chain mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of channels have all three states - open, inactive, and refractory period?

    <p>Voltage-gated sodium channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during number two in the process of voltage-gated sodium channel activation?

    <p>Voltage-dependent activation of the gate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of voltage-gated potassium channels not having an inactivation phase?

    <p>Enhances action potential firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage is the neuron at its resting membrane potential?

    <p>Number one - Resting condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the voltage-dependent activation of the gate in a voltage-gated sodium channel?

    <p>Incoming electrical stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental factor during brain development has been associated with an increased risk of psychosis in adulthood?

    <p>Exposure to social stress during adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic factor mentioned is highly penetrant and has been associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Deletions of the neurexin-1 gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to refer to the number of small mutations in an individual's genome that collectively contribute to the risk of schizophrenia?

    <p>Polygenic score</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic variants in schizophrenia have small effects but collectively interact to influence the condition?

    <p>Polygenic score</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for psychosis linked to environmental influences during early life?

    <p>Exposure to hypoxia in utero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can be considered as a defining outcome of schizophrenia based on its interaction with genetic risks?

    <p>Clinical outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the subtopic discussed in the lecture transcript?

    <p>Impairment of dopamine signaling in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way are neurotransmission and neuronal networks connected?

    <p>Neurotransmission is crucial for encoding information in neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter system is primarily implicated in schizophrenia according to the lecture transcript?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glutamate in the context of schizophrenia?

    <p>It acts as a factor contributing to schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand the fundamentals of neurotransmission to comprehend mental health problems?

    <p>To appreciate how information is communicated in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do defects in neurotransmission imply for mental health disorders?

    <p>They are associated with several mental health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

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