Biological Diversity Chapter 15
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Questions and Answers

What does the Biological Species Concept primarily define species based on?

  • Morphological characteristics
  • Habitat preference
  • Reproductive isolation (correct)
  • Genetic similarity

    • Which organisms are less effectively classified using the Biological Species Concept?

  • Organisms with complex mating behaviors
  • Asexually reproducing organisms (correct)
  • Mammals that have distinct reproductive cycles
  • Birds that reproduce through mating

    • What term is used to describe a group of organisms related by descent that share a derived character?

  • Clade (correct)
  • Taxon
  • Cladogram
  • Phylogeny

    • What is the primary focus of cladistics in phylogenetic analysis?

    <p>Inferring phylogeny from similarities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach does traditional taxonomy use for constructing phylogenies?

    <p>Information about morphology and biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many kingdoms are included in the six-kingdom classification system proposed by Carl Woese?

    <p>Four kingdoms of eukaryotes and two of prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are derived characters in cladistics?

    <p>Traits that do not appear in ancestor species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has prompted a reevaluation of traditional classification systems in biology?

    <p>Molecular data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain contains the kingdom Archaea?

    <p>Domain Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant relationship do Archaea have compared to Bacteria?

    <p>Archaea are more closely related to eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes Archaea from Bacteria?

    <p>Presence of introns in genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did eukaryotes first appear in evolutionary history?

    <p>Around 1.5 billion years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdoms fall under the domain Eukarya?

    <p>Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant theory about mitochondria and chloroplasts?

    <p>They were acquired through endosymbiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom is comprised mainly of unicellular organisms that do not fit into other kingdoms?

    <p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about prokaryotes?

    <p>Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the classification system in biology?

    <p>To organize organisms into a manageable and identifiable framework.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the scientific name is always capitalized?

    <p>The genus name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'taxon' refer to in biological classification?

    <p>A group of organisms at a specific classification level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the correct order of classification from the most broad to the most specific?

    <p>Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus?

    <p>Each organism has a two-part binomial name in Latin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a species in biological terms?

    <p>A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Linnaean classification system is false?

    <p>The names of organisms can be in any language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of taxonomy in biology?

    <p>To classify organisms and give them scientific names.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular component is present in both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method of genetic recombination in Eukaryotic organisms?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nutrients is used by some Archaea in their metabolic processes?

    <p>Chemicals for chemosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms of motility are associated with Eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Unique flagella in 9 + 2 arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the multicellularity of these cell types?

    <p>Multicellularity is present in Plantae and Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell wall is associated with Fungi?

    <p>Noncellulose polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain does not show multicellularity?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of nutrition is NOT characteristic of Eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Chemosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which kingdom is fertilization NOT a common method of genetic recombination?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of cells generally possesses mitochondria?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 15: Exploring Biological Diversity

    • Learning changes everything.
    • Essentials of the Living World, Seventh Edition by George Johnson and Joel Bergh.
    • Chapter 15 explores biological diversity.

    15.1 The Invention of the Linnaean System

    • Organisms need names for study and discussion.
    • Biologists group organisms using classification.
    • Early classification grouped animals and plants into genera (singular, genus).

    15.1 The Invention of the Linnaean System

    • Modern naming and classification systems were developed by Carolus Linnaeus.
    • Linnaeus assigned organisms two-part names, called binomials.
    • Linnaeus grouped similar organisms into higher categories based on similar traits.

    15.1 (Figure 15.1) Carolus Linnaeus

    • A depiction of Carolus Linnaeus.
    • Linnaeus lived from 1707 to 1778.

    15.2 Species Names

    • A taxon (plural, taxa) is a group of organisms at a specific level in a classification system.
    • Taxonomy is the branch of biology that identifies and names groups of organisms.
    • No two organisms can share the same name; all names are in Latin.

    15.2 Species Names

    • A scientific name, or species name, is a two-part binomial.
    • The first part is the genus (capitalized).
    • The second part refers to the species (not capitalized).
    • Names are written in italics or underlined.

    15.3 Higher Categories

    • The binomial system is expanded to a Linnaean system of classification.
    • Hierarchy of categories: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

    15.4 What is a Species?

    • The basic biological unit is the species.
    • Members of a species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
    • The biological species concept defines species as reproductively isolated groups.
    • This concept works well for animals but might not be suitable for organisms with asexual reproduction.

    15.4 What is a Species?

    • The biological species concept isn't always used for plants and other organisms.
    • Molecular data are prompting reevaluation of traditional classification systems.
    • Approximately 1.5 million species have been named.
    • The actual number of species is likely much higher.

    15.5 How to Build a Family Tree

    • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of an organism and its relationship to other species.
    • Scientists use various methods to construct phylogenetic trees.

    15.5 How to Build a Family Tree

    • Cladistics infers phylogeny based on similarities.
    • Derived characters are traits present in a group that arose from an ancestor lacking that trait.
    • A clade is a group of related organisms sharing a derived character.
    • Cladograms (branching diagrams) represent a species' phylogeny based on derived trait distributions.

    15.5 (Figure 15.6) Cladogram of Vertebrate Animals

    • A cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships of vertebrate animals.
    • Features like jaws, lungs, hair, and amniotic membrane are shown as derived characters.

    15.5 How to Build a Family Tree

    • Traditional taxonomy is another approach to constructing phylogenies.
    • Information on morphology and biology is used.

    15.5 (Figure 15.7) Two Ways to Classify Terrestrial Vertebrates

    • A comparison of traditional phylogeny/taxonomy and cladistic approaches.

    15.6 The Kingdoms of Life

    • Most biologists use a six-kingdom system (proposed by Carl Woese).
    • Four kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista) are eukaryotes.
    • Two kingdoms (Archaea and Bacteria) are prokaryotes.

    15.6 The Kingdoms of Life

    • The domain level was created to reflect distinctions among prokaryotes.
    • Domain Archaea encompasses Kingdom Archaea.
    • Domain Bacteria encompasses Kingdom Bacteria.
    • Domain Eukarya includes the eukaryotic kingdoms.

    15.7 Domain: A Higher Level of Classification

    • Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on Earth.
    • There are various bacterial types, and relationships are often unclear.
    • Bacteria play essential roles in the biosphere.

    15.7 Domain: A Higher Level of Classification

    • Archaea, also prokaryotes, share key traits with eukaryotes but differ from bacteria in various aspects, e.g., cell walls, lipids, rRNA sequences. Intracellular, circular genetic material.
    • Archaea are often found in extreme environments.

    15.7 Domain: A Higher Level of Classification

    • Eukaryotes emerged about 1.5 billion years ago.
    • Three multicellular kingdoms (fungi, plants, and animals) dominate.
    • Protista (the remaining eukaryote kingdom) is a diverse group of primarily unicellular organisms not fitting other kingdoms.

    15.7 Domain: A Higher Level of Classification

    • Mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to have stemmed from bacteria entering early eukaryotic cells via endosymbiosis.

    15.7 (Figure 15.12) Endosymbiosis

    • Illustrates the endosymbiosis theory.

    15.7 (Table 15.1) Characteristics of the Six Kingdoms

    • A table summarizing characteristics (e.g., cell type, presence of a nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, method of reproduction, nutrition, motility, multicellularity) comparing Domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya in their kingdom forms (e.g., Plantae, Animalia, Protista).

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    Chapter 15 Exploring Biological Diversity Lecture Outline PDF

    Description

    Explore Chapter 15 of 'Essentials of the Living World' which delves into biological diversity and the significance of classification systems. Learn about the contributions of Carolus Linnaeus and the structure of species naming. This chapter emphasizes the importance of taxonomy in understanding organisms.

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