Biological Control and Waste Management Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of natural biological control?

It relies on resident natural enemies without human involvement. (correct)

It requires the introduction of non-native species.

It involves human intervention to manage pests.

It includes the use of chemical pesticides.

What defines conservation biological control?

Enhancement of resident natural enemies' effectiveness. (correct)

Complete reliance on artificial chemicals for pest control.

The introduction of new biological control agents.

Temporary augmentation of existing biological agents.

Which method involves the temporary addition of biological control agents?

Conservation biological control

Natural biological control

Augmentative biological control (correct)

Classical biological control

What is a key difference between pesticides and biocides?

Pesticides can be considered biocides but are specifically for agricultural use. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a biocidal product?

Pesticides for agricultural use Signup and view all the answers

Which property is common among most widely used biocides?

They possess disinfectant properties. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of biocides?

To kill or control specific organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common category of biocides?

Chemical compounds with one or more active substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of modern landfills in solid waste management?

To manage leachate and gas emissions Signup and view all the answers

How does incineration contribute to waste management?

By generating energy and reducing waste volume Signup and view all the answers

Which method of solid waste treatment involves the breakdown of organic material without oxygen?

Anaerobic Digestion Signup and view all the answers

What benefit does recycling provide beyond reducing waste?

It conserves resources and saves energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of filters and scrubbers in incineration?

To remove harmful emissions before gas release Signup and view all the answers

Which solid waste treatment method allows for the production of compost beneficial for soil?

Composting Signup and view all the answers

Which process utilizes microorganisms to extract metals from ores?

Bioleaching Signup and view all the answers

What combined approach does Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) utilize?

Mechanical sorting followed by biological treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary applications of biotechnology in agriculture?

Crossing plant breeds with desired traits Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant engineering involves using Agrobacterium?

Transgenic plants Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hormones in the body?

To function as messengers controlling physiological functions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone is insulin classified as?

Peptide hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of tissue culture in biotechnology?

Large scale production of endangered plant species Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes steroid hormones from peptide hormones?

Fat-soluble and can pass through cell membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of cortisol in the body?

Enhancing immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following industries does biotechnology NOT commonly apply to?

Fast food production Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes Lactobacilliaceae and Streptococcaceae from other bacterial genera in milk?

They are the most abundant normal flora. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria exclusively produces lactic acid from carbohydrates?

Homofermentative bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What type of yeast is known for lactic fermentation that can produce kefir?

Saccharomyces Signup and view all the answers

What is a health benefit associated with fermented dairy products?

Lower serum cholesterol levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a function of Aspergillus niger?

Production of citric acid and gluconic acid from sucrose Signup and view all the answers

Which temperature range is optimal for the growth of the bacterium mentioned in the content?

25°C - 30°C Signup and view all the answers

What role do molds from the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium serve in food production?

They are genetically modified for improved characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of E. coli's presence in milk?

Sign of contamination related to sanitation conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of wastewater treatment?

To minimize the potential danger of sewage to humans and the environment Signup and view all the answers

Which process is used in preliminary treatment to remove large objects from wastewater?

Screening Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of anaerobic degradation in the wastewater treatment process?

To produce gas, like methane, as an energy source Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of treatment do microorganisms consume organic matter?

Secondary Treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the sedimentation process in primary treatment?

Formation of sludge and scum Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of activated sludge in the secondary treatment phase?

To break down organic pollutants through microbial activity Signup and view all the answers

Which component is not typically part of tertiary wastewater treatment?

Grit removal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the coliform group in sewage identification?

Includes species like E.coli useful for detecting sewage pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to water during the coagulation process?

To form sticky particles called flocs. Signup and view all the answers

During sedimentation, what happens to the flocs and suspended solids?

They settle to the bottom of the tank forming sludge. Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves passing water through layers of materials to trap smaller particles?

Filtration Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of chlorination in drinking water purification?

It kills remaining bacteria and viruses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pH adjustment in water treatment?

To protect pipes and improve taste. Signup and view all the answers

Fluoride is added to some drinking water to:

Help prevent tooth decay. Signup and view all the answers

What type of filtration is used as a final step to remove organic compounds and improve water quality?

Activated carbon filtration Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of storage tanks in the water purification process?

To store treated water and prepare it for distribution. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microbial Biotechnology (Bot3105) Part Two

Course title: Microbial Biotechnology
Course number: Bot3105
Credit hours: 3
Instructor: Million Yohannes, Senior Lecturer

Chapter 5: Application of Microbes in Food Biotechnology - Dairy Products

Dairy products are derived from milk, the secretion of mammary glands of mammals (e.g., cows, sheep, goats).
Most dairy products originate from bovine milk, and to a lesser extent, from sheep or goat milk.
Milk contains approximately 80-90% water, making it susceptible to microbial growth and deterioration.
Processing methods are used to prevent spoilage and extend shelf life.
Examples of dairy products include ice cream, cheese, milk powders, yogurt, and butter/butteroil.
Milk can be separated into cream and skim milk fractions using centrifugation.
This process concentrates fat in the cream phase and reduces fat in the skim milk phase.

Chapter 5: Application of Microbes in Food Biotechnology - Further Info

Milk powders are produced through water removal and high-temperature drying.
Ice cream is a dairy product preserved via freezing.
Yogurt and cheese are fermented products using bacterial cultures.
Bacterial cultures lower pH (from 6.7 to 4.2 for yogurt; 4.6 to 6.0 for cheese), breaking down proteins and fats to enhance flavor.
The bacterial cultures also compete with unwanted pathogens for nutrients, thus preserving the product.
Milk preservation techniques use heat treatment for safety (pasteurization/batch pasteurization).
Ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment produces sterilized milk.
High-pressure processing is another milk preservation method.

Heat Treatment of Milk

Milk is often heat-treated for food safety and to extend shelf life.
Pasteurization (162°F/72°C for 15 seconds) or batch pasteurization (145°F/63°C for 30 minutes) inactivates pathogens.
Ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment (284°F/140°C for 2-3 seconds under pressure) produces essentially sterile milk.
High pressure processing can also be used for preservation.

Food Microbiology

Food microbiology focuses on microorganisms in food, their reproduction, and spoilage.
Safety in food processing is critical to avoid contamination by pathogenic microorganisms.
Viruses (e.g., norovirus, hepatitis, rotavirus) and bacteria (e.g., Salmonella, E. coli, Vibrio, Shigella) can contaminate food, causing foodborne diseases.
Spores of certain bacteria (e.g., Clostridium, Bacillus) can survive food preservation temperatures. Microbes multiply to a point where the food begins slime and off-flavor and odor and is considered spoiled.
Yeasts and molds are other types of microorganisms that can affect food. Molds can produce toxins like aflatoxin which are carcinogenic.

Food Fermentation

Fermentation is a microbial process where microorganisms convert food stuffs to alcohol or acids.
Fermented foods generally retain longer shelf lives.
Fermentation promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria (probiotics).
Probiotics aid digestive and heart health, and fermented foods are nutritious, tasty, and energy-rich (e.g., milk, meat, fish, vegetables, fruits, seeds, beans).
Fermented food groups include dairy (e.g. Yogurt, cheese, butter, kefir, and acidophilus milk), meats (e.g. Sausage, salami, and pickled meats), fruits/vegetables (e.g., Kimchi products), and beverages (e.g., beer and wine).

Food Fermentation - Industrial Applications

Microorganisms can traditionally or by adding starters be used for industrial fermentation.
Gram-positive bacteria are non-motile, non-sporing cocci-or rod-shaped, catalase and oxidase negative. They are useful in lactic-acid food fermentation.

Food Fermentation - Other Microorganisms

Acetobacter is used to produce acid from alcohol.
Yeasts and molds are key in fermentation for diverse reasons.

Dairy Microbiology

Milk (if healthy) is an excellent medium for microbes.
Milk is usually sterile until processing or contact with the outside world.
Homofermentative bacteria produce only lactic acid, while heterofermentative bacteria also produce other compounds from carbohydrates.
Other bacteria can lead to contamination.

Therapeutic LAB

Biograde, Biofighurt, acidophilus milk – are examples of therapeutic bacteria in food products.
Lactobacillus species and lactococus lactis sub species diacetylactis - give flavor to finished products (e.g., buttermilk, cultures milk, yogurt).

Food Preservation

Food preservation methods aim to reduce spoilage and extend shelf life.
These methods are categorized as chemical-based (e.g., addition of organic acids), physical-based (e.g., heating, freezing, smoking, drying), or microbiological-based (e.g., use of bacteriocins).

Chapter 6: Application of Microbes in Agro-Biotechnology

Healthy agricultural production depends on soil quality, water, and fertilizers.
Commercial fertilizers are useful for high yields but not environmentally friendly.
A fertilizer is a chemical or natural substance helping crop production.
Biofertilizers are biologically active and can improve soil fertility, like microbial inoculants for nitrogen fixation, using bacteria, fungi, or algae.

Bio-fertilizers and Feeds

Biofertilizers are beneficial for plants compared to commercial fertilizers, as they increase crop yields, cost-effective, natural, readily available, or easy to produce without environmental contamination.
Examples include Rhizobium, Azobacter, Thiobacillus, Bacillus, and mixtures of these, as well as use of manure/garbage.
These biofertilizers use microorganisms to increase nitrogen/phosphorous levels, improving plant growth.

Animal Feed

Animal feed often uses different feed formulations.
This involves selecting and blending ingredients to create highly nutritious diets that promote animal health and improve product quality (e.g., meat, milk, and eggs).

Bio-controls and Biocides

Biocontrol uses helpful microorganisms/insects/plants to stop harmful ones (e.g., predation, parasitism, pathogenicity, and competition against other microorganisms).
This is a part of integrated pest management and involves adding no artificial substances/pesticides.
Biocides are chemicals for killing/restraining harmful organisms/biological products. They can be for general purposes or part of agricultural practices.

Biocide overview

Biocides are intended to be toxic, but only to the target organisms, which are frequently used in areas like aquaculture, food industries, cleaning, personal protection, transportation, and preservation of wood (or other biological products).
These commonly include disinfection, control of pests, and preservation.
Common biocides include: alcohols, aldehydes, chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, iodine, and peroxygen compounds.
Active substances and co-formulants combine to form biocidal products. They enhance effectiveness (e.g., pH, viscosity, color, odor, etc.).

Chapter 7: Application of Microbes in Medical Biotechnology

Biotechnology plays a major role in medicine (as in other fields like agriculture and food).
Biotechnology applications in medicine include: recombinant insulin, gene therapy, molecular diagnosis, and pharmacogenomics.

Recombinant Insulin

Recombinant DNA technology was employed to create human insulin from E. coli.
This technique involves identifying, isolating, and introducing the human insulin gene into E. coli.
Efficient, cost-effective, and safe human insulin production.

Gene Therapy

Gene therapy aims to treat genetic disorders by inserting normal genes into those defective in individuals.
This helps by using a vector (e.g., adenovirus, herpes simplex virus) which carries the normal gene to replace the dysfunctional one, aiming to restore proper function.
Most successful if initiated in early life stages.

Molecular Diagnosis

Early diagnosis can enable effective treatment of pathogens.
Molecular diagnosis uses biotechnology techniques like recombinant DNA technology, PCR, and ELISA to identify pathogens early.

Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics studies how genes affect a person's response to medications.
Aiming to prevent adverse reactions, which could lead to more personalized medications and reduced side effects (e.g., HIV, cancers, depression, heart disease).

Vaccines

Vaccines protect against various diseases (including those of animals).
Vaccines can be produced through animal or cell cultures, inactivating pathogens, or using genetic technologies.
Transgenic plant antigens are another source of vaccine production.
Vaccines are a key part of a wider range of vaccinations for both humans and animals.

Other Biotechnology Applications

Fermentation (e.g., alcohol and bread production), crop improvement, tissue culture (for plant production and cloning), and forensics have all benefited from biotechnological advances.

Biotechnology Scope

Biotechnology is widespread in many industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, medicine, and agriculture.
Genetic engineering helps produce therapeutic proteins and biological organisms.
Various applications in biology (e.g., tissue culture, transgenic plants/animals, antibody development).
Antibiotics, produced by soil microorganisms, have detrimental effects on other microorganisms.

Applications of Microbes in Environmental Biotechnology

Microbes have important uses in many fields, including agriculture, wastewater treatment, bioremediation, composting, bioaugmentation, biodegradation, bioleaching, carbon sequestration, and bioplastics.
Bioleaching extracts metals from ores, while biomining is their recovery from ores/waste.
Biogas production, bioethanol production, biodiesel production, and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are some other microbial applications in environmental and energy production.

Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater treatment aims to remove contaminants from sewage and industrial effluents before release into the environment.
Typical steps include screening, grit removal, sedimentation, biological treatment (e.g., aeration and activated sludge), filtration, disinfection, and sludge treatment and disposal.
Water quality is greatly improved compared to without these methods.

Water Treatment Process

Steps in purifying drinking water:

Screening/Pre-treatment: Removes large debris.
Coagulation/Flocculation: Forms flocs to attract impurities.
Sedimentation: Allows sludge to settle and be removed.
Filtration: Removes finer particles from water.
Disinfection: Kills pathogens (e.g., chlorination, UV radiation, ozonation).
pH adjustment: Adjusting pH for pipe protection and taste.
Fluoridation: Adding fluoride to prevent tooth decay.
Final Filtration/Polishing: Using carbon filters to remove tastes/odors.
Storage and distribution: Storing and transporting purified water.

Solid Waste Treatment

Solid waste treatment manages and disposes of waste sustainably.

Landfilling: Waste burial in designated sites (managing leachate/gas).
Incineration: Burning waste to significantly reduce volume (recovering energy, managing air pollution).
Composting: Biological decomposition of organic waste into nutrient-rich compost.
Recycling: Sorting and reprocessing materials (conserving resources, reducing pollution).
Anaerobic Digestion: Biodegradable waste breakdown in the absence of oxygen producing biogas.
Mechanical Biological Treatment: Combining mechanical and biological treatment techniques (sorting, composting, anaerobic digestion).

Microbes in Mineral Recovery and Bioenergy

Microbes are used to extract metals (e.g., gold, copper) from ores (bioleaching using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans/Leptospirillum).
Extracting metals from low-grade ores using microorganisms, reducing environmental impact.
Bioenergy involves using microbes for biogas production, bioethanol production, biodiesel production, and microbial fuel cells.

End

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Test your knowledge on biological control methods and waste management practices. This quiz covers the characteristics, functions, and methods related to biocides, solid waste treatment, and recycling. Challenge yourself to understand the key differences and applications in these critical environmental topics.