Biological Control and Predation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which subgroup within Hymenoptera is considered to have the largest superfamilies?

  • Chalcidoidea (correct)
  • Ichneumonoidae (correct)
  • Proctotrupoidea
  • Vespoidea

    • What is one of the significant problems associated with the over-reliance on pesticides?

  • Increase in beneficial insects
  • Improved pest resistance
  • Emergence of secondary pests (correct)
  • Higher crop yields

    • Why is biological control considered environmentally safe?

  • It is ineffective against pests
  • It uses synthetic chemicals
  • It creates secondary pest problems
  • It reduces pesticide resistance (correct)

    • Which order includes the family Tachnidae?

    <p>Diptera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of the suborder Parasitica within Hymenoptera?

    <p>Contains the superfamily Proctotrupoidea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is commonly associated with adult lady beetles?

    <p>They are often round to oval and brightly colored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trait of mantids as predators?

    <p>They can consume insects of various sizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes predatory mites?

    <p>They have a rounded shape and are faster than their prey.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these predators is noted for being polyphagous?

    <p>Mantids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor affecting prey selection by predators?

    <p>The size of the prey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms do baculoviruses primarily affect?

    <p>Lepidopterous insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group does Bacillus thuringiensis belong to?

    <p>Bacillaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of baculoviruses?

    <p>They contain double-stranded DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is primarily caused by Bacillus popilliae?

    <p>Milky disease of scarab larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the reproductive method of bacteria?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs)?

    <p>They are known from a wide range of insect orders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom associated with ascoviruses in larvae?

    <p>Chronic, fatal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes spore-forming bacilli like Bacillus thuringiensis?

    <p>Formation of spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method of reproduction for protozoa?

    <p>Binary or multiple fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with competitive saprophytic ability?

    <p>Production of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are protozoa primarily categorized by?

    <p>Mode of locomotion and structure of locomotory organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mycophagy?

    <p>The phenomenon of amoebae feeding on fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a soil pathogen?

    <p>Cochliobolus sativus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements best describes competition?

    <p>A struggle where one party's gain results in the loss of another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristic does NOT enhance competitive saprophytic ability?

    <p>Providing nutrients for other organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these organisms is included in the group of antagonistic soil amoebae?

    <p>Arachnula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the botanical name for blue weed?

    <p>Echium vulgate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of weeds are generally not suitable for the method discussed?

    <p>Weeds of cropland under intensive cultivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue associated with poisonous weeds regarding the method of control discussed?

    <p>The method is generally not applicable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Preliminary surveys for biocontrol could determine what aspect regarding potential parasites?

    <p>Their effectiveness against the weed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following weeds was targeted using a conventional approach for control?

    <p>Chondrilla juncea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the complexity of parasitoid nutrition influence according to Salt's studies?

    <p>Fecundity and longevity of the adult wasp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not mentioned as influencing parasite growth and survival?

    <p>Temperature of the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of weeds are usually not suited for handling minor weed problems?

    <p>Native perennial weeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'Rule of Sameness' in relation to nutritional requirements?

    <p>It emphasizes the importance of balancing different nutrients in insect diets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of direct defense in plants against herbivores?

    <p>Thorns on plant stems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dietary components was used to support the larval development of Coleomegilla maculata?

    <p>Raw liver or meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances are considered indirect defenses in plants?

    <p>Carnivore attractants through strong odors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of insects are nutritional requirements similar to those of entomophagous species?

    <p>Non-entomophagous species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of using in vitro culture for parasitoids?

    <p>It simplifies the mass culture process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diets was utilized historically for rearing certain insect species?

    <p>40% brewer’s yeast and 55% sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Philippines implement in 2010 regarding pest management?

    <p>An e-phytosanitary certification system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biological Control Agents

    • Biological control involves using natural enemies to control pests
    • Over-reliance on pesticides creates problems like environmental hazards, occupational hazards, emergence of secondary pests, and pesticide resistance
    • Biological control is environmentally safe and cost-effective
    • Invasive species, pesticide resistance, limited pesticide development, and chemical pesticide ineffectiveness are reasons to use biological control

    Parasites/Parasitoids

    • Parasitoids are a type of biological agent
    • Parasitoids kill their host
    • They attack specific life stages of the host
    • They attack fewer species of hosts than predators
    • Most parasitoids are Hymenopterans (largest order)
    • Other orders include Diptera (flies), Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites), and Coleoptera (beetles)

    Predators

    • Predators kill multiple prey
    • They often target both adults and immature populations
    • Many predators are polyphagous (attack many species)
    • Predators are present in all habitats, are often mobile, and prey selection is often size-dependent
    • Examples include true bugs, lacewings, ground beetles, ladybird beetles, syrphid flies, and fire ants.

    Pathogens of Insects

    • Pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or protozoa) cause diseases in insects
    • Different groups cause different diseases and have various characteristics
      • Viruses: obligate intracellular parasites, some create occlusion bodies (NPVs, GVs)
      • Bacteria: simple unicellular organisms, reproduce by binary fission. E.g., Bacillus thuringiensis, Serratia entomophila, Bacillus sphaericus, and Paenibacillus popilliae.
      • Fungi: eukaryotic organisms lacking chloroplasts, live in various environments, exist as a vegetative phase. E.g. those in Coelomyces and Lagenidium (aquatic), Metarhizium and Beauveria (terrestrial)
      • Protozoa: diverse group, can be free-living or parasitic

    Plant Pathogens as Biocontrol

    • Conventional approach involves introduction of host-specific rusts (e.g., Puccinia chondrillina, which was introduced to control skeleton weed in Australia)
    • Biological herbicides involve use of fungal spores to control weeds

    Competitive Saprophytic Ability

    • The ability of an organism to successfully compete for resources
    • Four key characteristics are important: (i) rapid germination; (ii) appropriate enzyme equipment; (iii) excretion of fungistatic and bacteriostatic growth products; (iv) tolerance of fungistatic substances.

    Inoculum Potential

    • The potential for an organism to establish a population in a new area
    • Measures of success depend on factors like the species, the target of the biological control, and the potential for the biological control agent to achieve its objectives

    Native Weed Species

    • Native species may not be suitable for biological control due to factors like resistance to the control agents, or they might pose threats or disrupt native ecosystems.

    Quarantine and Exclusion

    • Quarantine facilities are used to prevent introductions of organisms that could disrupt other environments

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    Related Documents

    Biological Control Agents PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on biological control and predator-prey relationships in the Hymenoptera order and beyond. This quiz covers significant ecological concepts and characteristics of various predatory species. Perfect for students studying entomology or environmental science.

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