Biological Control and Predation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which subgroup within Hymenoptera is considered to have the largest superfamilies?

  • Chalcidoidea (correct)
  • Ichneumonoidae (correct)
  • Proctotrupoidea
  • Vespoidea

What is one of the significant problems associated with the over-reliance on pesticides?

  • Increase in beneficial insects
  • Improved pest resistance
  • Emergence of secondary pests (correct)
  • Higher crop yields

Why is biological control considered environmentally safe?

  • It is ineffective against pests
  • It uses synthetic chemicals
  • It creates secondary pest problems
  • It reduces pesticide resistance (correct)

Which order includes the family Tachnidae?

<p>Diptera (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of the suborder Parasitica within Hymenoptera?

<p>Contains the superfamily Proctotrupoidea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is commonly associated with adult lady beetles?

<p>They are often round to oval and brightly colored. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trait of mantids as predators?

<p>They can consume insects of various sizes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes predatory mites?

<p>They have a rounded shape and are faster than their prey. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these predators is noted for being polyphagous?

<p>Mantids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor affecting prey selection by predators?

<p>The size of the prey (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms do baculoviruses primarily affect?

<p>Lepidopterous insects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group does Bacillus thuringiensis belong to?

<p>Bacillaceae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of baculoviruses?

<p>They contain double-stranded DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is primarily caused by Bacillus popilliae?

<p>Milky disease of scarab larvae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the reproductive method of bacteria?

<p>Binary fission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs)?

<p>They are known from a wide range of insect orders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom associated with ascoviruses in larvae?

<p>Chronic, fatal disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes spore-forming bacilli like Bacillus thuringiensis?

<p>Formation of spores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method of reproduction for protozoa?

<p>Binary or multiple fission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with competitive saprophytic ability?

<p>Production of antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are protozoa primarily categorized by?

<p>Mode of locomotion and structure of locomotory organelles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mycophagy?

<p>The phenomenon of amoebae feeding on fungi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a soil pathogen?

<p>Cochliobolus sativus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements best describes competition?

<p>A struggle where one party's gain results in the loss of another. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristic does NOT enhance competitive saprophytic ability?

<p>Providing nutrients for other organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organisms is included in the group of antagonistic soil amoebae?

<p>Arachnula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the botanical name for blue weed?

<p>Echium vulgate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of weeds are generally not suitable for the method discussed?

<p>Weeds of cropland under intensive cultivation (A), Native weed species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue associated with poisonous weeds regarding the method of control discussed?

<p>The method is generally not applicable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Preliminary surveys for biocontrol could determine what aspect regarding potential parasites?

<p>Their effectiveness against the weed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following weeds was targeted using a conventional approach for control?

<p>Chondrilla juncea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the complexity of parasitoid nutrition influence according to Salt's studies?

<p>Fecundity and longevity of the adult wasp (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not mentioned as influencing parasite growth and survival?

<p>Temperature of the environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of weeds are usually not suited for handling minor weed problems?

<p>Native perennial weeds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Rule of Sameness' in relation to nutritional requirements?

<p>It emphasizes the importance of balancing different nutrients in insect diets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of direct defense in plants against herbivores?

<p>Thorns on plant stems (A), Toxins such as alkaloids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following dietary components was used to support the larval development of Coleomegilla maculata?

<p>Raw liver or meat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substances are considered indirect defenses in plants?

<p>Carnivore attractants through strong odors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of insects are nutritional requirements similar to those of entomophagous species?

<p>Non-entomophagous species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of using in vitro culture for parasitoids?

<p>It simplifies the mass culture process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diets was utilized historically for rearing certain insect species?

<p>40% brewer’s yeast and 55% sucrose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Philippines implement in 2010 regarding pest management?

<p>An e-phytosanitary certification system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biological Control

Using natural enemies (like insects) to control pests. It's like hiring a team of tiny superheroes to protect your crops!

Parasitica

These wasps are the main players in biological control because they parasitize other insects by laying eggs in them.

Chalcidoidea

These wasps belong to a superfamily known for parasitizing pests and providing excellent biological control.

Problems with Pesticide Reliance

Over-reliance on chemical pesticides can create a major problem for the environment, worker safety, and even lead to the emergence of new pest problems.

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Benefits of Biological Control

Biological control is considered an environmentally safe and cost-effective way of managing pests, as it often requires less investment than constant chemical applications.

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Polyphagous Predators

Predators that eat a wide variety of species.

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Mantids

These insects are masters of camouflage and ambush hunting.

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Predatory Mites

Tiny, fast-moving predators that are essential for controlling other mite populations.

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Ladybird Beetle

A type of insect predator known for its bright colors and spotted appearance. Larvae are elongated with orange or yellow markings.

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Ground Beetles

These beetles are often used as biological control agents due to their appetite for various pests.

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Bacteria

Unique microorganisms lacking internal organelles like a nucleus and mitochondria, reproducing by binary fission.

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Ascoviruses

A family of DNA viruses primarily found in Noctuidae larvae, causing a chronic disease in pests like the cabbage looper and corn earworm.

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Baculoviruses

Enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses, categorized into two main types: Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses (NPVs) and Granulosis Viruses (GVs).

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Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV)

A type of Baculovirus known for causing a fatal disease in a wide range of insect orders, with a particularly strong presence in lepidopterous insects.

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Bacillus thuringiensis

A spore-forming bacterium known for its potent insecticidal properties, commonly used in pest control.

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Paenibacillus popilliae

A highly specific bacterium responsible for the milky disease in scarab larvae, impacting their growth and reproduction.

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Spore-forming bacilli

A rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium, known for its ability to form durable spores resistant to harsh environments.

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Bacillaceae

A family of bacteria known for its spore-forming abilities, including prominent members B. Thuringiensis, B. sphaericus, and Paenibacillus.

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Protozoa

A large and diverse group of eukaryotic, single-celled organisms. They are motile and can be free-living, parasitic, symbiotic, or saprophytic.

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Competition

A phenomenon where organisms compete for the same limited resources, leading to a situation where one's success comes at the expense of another.

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Microbial Iron Chelation

A process where microorganisms (mainly bacteria) produce iron-binding compounds to acquire iron from their environment.

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Competitive Saprophytic Ability

A combination of physiological characteristics that allow an organism to successfully colonize and utilize dead organic material.

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Mycophagy

The ability of some organisms to break down and utilize fungal material as a source of nutrients.

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Saprophytic Protozoa

A type of protozoan that feeds by ingesting or absorbing nutrients.

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Symbiosis

A process where two organisms live together, where both benefit from the interaction.

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The Rule of Sameness

The principle that rearing entomophagous insects on artificial diets requires similar nutrients to their natural counterparts.

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Direct Plant Defense

Defense mechanisms plants use to directly deter herbivores through physical structures or chemical compounds.

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Indirect Plant Defense

Defense mechanisms that involve indirect actions, like attracting predators or altering insect development.

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Quantitative Nutrient Balance

A critical factor in deciding if a diet is suitable for entomophagous insects, focusing on the proportions of different nutrients.

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Predator Culture In Vitro

The rearing of entomophagous insects in a controlled environment, providing their food and living conditions.

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Parasitoids Culture In Vitro

A method for rearing parasitic insects in a controlled environment, offering an alternative to mass rearing in the field.

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e-PHYTOSANITARY Certification System

A system for plant health certification in the Philippines, implemented in 2010.

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Digestibility Reducers

Substances that reduce the digestion and nutrient absorption of herbivores.

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Biological Control of Weeds

A method of controlling weeds using natural enemies like insects or pathogens. It's like hiring a tiny army to fight for your crops!

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Parasitoid Control

This kind of biological control uses insects that lay their eggs inside other insects, eventually killing them.

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Plant Pathogens as Biocontrol

This approach focuses on using pathogens, like bacteria or fungi, to control weeds.

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Why Biological Control Is Not Appropriate for Related Weeds

A weed that is closely related to a crop plant is not a good candidate for biological control using this method. The risk of accidentally harming the crop is too high.

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Surveys for Parasites

A survey helps determine if there are any suitable parasites available overseas to introduce and control a specific weed.

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Effectiveness of a Parasite

The method involves determining how effective a parasite might be in controlling a specific weed.

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Study Notes

Biological Control Agents

  • Biological control involves using natural enemies to control pests
  • Over-reliance on pesticides creates problems like environmental hazards, occupational hazards, emergence of secondary pests, and pesticide resistance
  • Biological control is environmentally safe and cost-effective
  • Invasive species, pesticide resistance, limited pesticide development, and chemical pesticide ineffectiveness are reasons to use biological control

Parasites/Parasitoids

  • Parasitoids are a type of biological agent
  • Parasitoids kill their host
  • They attack specific life stages of the host
  • They attack fewer species of hosts than predators
  • Most parasitoids are Hymenopterans (largest order)
  • Other orders include Diptera (flies), Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites), and Coleoptera (beetles)

Predators

  • Predators kill multiple prey
  • They often target both adults and immature populations
  • Many predators are polyphagous (attack many species)
  • Predators are present in all habitats, are often mobile, and prey selection is often size-dependent
  • Examples include true bugs, lacewings, ground beetles, ladybird beetles, syrphid flies, and fire ants.

Pathogens of Insects

  • Pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or protozoa) cause diseases in insects
  • Different groups cause different diseases and have various characteristics
    • Viruses: obligate intracellular parasites, some create occlusion bodies (NPVs, GVs)
    • Bacteria: simple unicellular organisms, reproduce by binary fission. E.g., Bacillus thuringiensis, Serratia entomophila, Bacillus sphaericus, and Paenibacillus popilliae.
    • Fungi: eukaryotic organisms lacking chloroplasts, live in various environments, exist as a vegetative phase. E.g. those in Coelomyces and Lagenidium (aquatic), Metarhizium and Beauveria (terrestrial)
    • Protozoa: diverse group, can be free-living or parasitic

Plant Pathogens as Biocontrol

  • Conventional approach involves introduction of host-specific rusts (e.g., Puccinia chondrillina, which was introduced to control skeleton weed in Australia)
  • Biological herbicides involve use of fungal spores to control weeds

Competitive Saprophytic Ability

  • The ability of an organism to successfully compete for resources
  • Four key characteristics are important: (i) rapid germination; (ii) appropriate enzyme equipment; (iii) excretion of fungistatic and bacteriostatic growth products; (iv) tolerance of fungistatic substances.

Inoculum Potential

  • The potential for an organism to establish a population in a new area
  • Measures of success depend on factors like the species, the target of the biological control, and the potential for the biological control agent to achieve its objectives

Native Weed Species

  • Native species may not be suitable for biological control due to factors like resistance to the control agents, or they might pose threats or disrupt native ecosystems.

Quarantine and Exclusion

  • Quarantine facilities are used to prevent introductions of organisms that could disrupt other environments

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Related Documents

Biological Control Agents PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on biological control and predator-prey relationships in the Hymenoptera order and beyond. This quiz covers significant ecological concepts and characteristics of various predatory species. Perfect for students studying entomology or environmental science.

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