Biological Concepts in Evolution and Behavior

the ability to walk upright on two legs

thumb that enables grasping objects and using tools

the gradual change in a species over time

belief that all life was created by a God or Gods

the study of genes

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up each individual

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. this means that the individuals that process those traits become the dominant population and the ones that didn't fade out

70,000 years ago with the emergence of Cave art and new tech like ropes and sewing needles

not a real science - "survival of the fittest" the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better - justified, eugenics, racism, imperialism and other social injustices

going to another culture and judging it based on the perceptions and norms of your own culture

not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

a culture based around physical, material things food, tools, clothing, art, weapons

culture based on Human creations, such as values, norms, knowledge, systems of government, language, and so on, that are not embodied in physical objects

subcultures operate within cultures, their own ideologies

countercultures are formed to oppose the dominant culture

social rules, all societies have them, 4 types of norms

lowest level of norms - weak norms, cultural norms, like drivers waving to each other

have to do with culturally specific morals - eg. addressing elders respectfully; respecting other's property

norms sanctioned by the government -there are serious repercussions for breaking these

incest, cannibalism - usually will bring criminal charges but also a high level of community disgust

when a company, outputs their costs so that someone else has to pay it

the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock.

a gene that is important in language and speech production

found in Spain big pit of bones- burial site for homo Erectus. 1984 (45000)

foraging/nomadic cultures lasted 99% of human existence men hunted women gathered this stopped around 4,000 BC

early primitive farming communities occurred where temperatures were warm and rain was sufficient start of specialization lived in one place for 7-10 years****ED UP THE LAND - no irrigation began around 11000-12000 years ago

began around 8000-9000 years ago first permanent settlements emerged as farming techniques were perfected Key development: domestication of animals As these cultures developed the gap between rich and poor widened greater quantities of food produced = increased population size

took off late 1700s w/ invention of steam engine Machine age factories - wage labourers rapid urbanization mass production - non-human energy harnessed Trains goods could be moved to more distant market people could visit distant foreign places the earth went through a period of laying tracks in the mid 1800s Mining ships consumerism lost of issues (poor conditions, child labour, poverty)gap between rich and poor expanded

The world we live in now!it began shortly after the end of WW2 Communication-based culture The Information Age:began w/ the TV Globalization key incredible gap between rich and poor the world's richest 1 percent own 44 percent of the world's wealth LIBERALISM - key philosophy

How did humans physically change?Why did we evolve that way?

How did different cultures develop/ change?differences that exist in all human cultures?

the study of physical anthropology as it applies to human remains in a legal setting

post-industrial society

branch of cultural anthropology: detailed examination of specific cultures

Branch of cultural anthropology:Ancient cultures through examination of materials (pottery, tools etc)

Branch of cultural anthropology study of human communication process- language is the root of most human experiences

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

a modified form of liberalism tending to favor free-market capitalism.A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

growth to a global or worldwide scale.

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself.

an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power. start of the industrial revolution 1700s

clearly bipedal, strong heel strike, distinct arch, shows bipedalism began at least 3.6 million years prior to development of larger brains

Discovered by Louis and Mary leakey 2.5 M years old, stone tools used for many things Whittle, cutting branches/animal bones

an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began also knows Mesopotamia

compares/ similarities/differences to different languages gives clues to migration rates etymology- origin of words

key figure: Noam Chomsky up until Chomsky everyone believed babies born blank slates who learn language by listening- Chomsky blew the lid off this with his theory that humans have an internal pre existing capability to absorb language structures

how language is used to express status different language used in different context

Noam Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure

physical anthropology studying other primates, often among them (Jane goodall)

branch of Physical anthropology looking for remains of older ancestors to map out human evolutionary journey. also other human like species

Diamond outlined 6 features an animal needs to be domesticated - reared to as Anna Karenina principle

1. growth rate - grow up quickly, pretty independent
2. disposition - friendly, docile disposition. Won't attack. Follow leads
3. captive breeding - most animals require privacy to breed, domestic animals don't care
4. diet - easily supplied diet
5. reaction to danger - not too skittish (ex; deer are very skittish and have not been domesticated)
6. social structure - herding animals, not individuality animals. Follow a leader animals.

the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food

look at timeline for more depth basically (2.5 M species of homos appeared, 0.2 M years ago first homo-sapiens appeared, 70k years ago cognitive revolution, 12k years ago agricultural revolution, around 500 years ago scientific revolution, Industrial revolution around 200 years ago, post- industrial revolution soon after WW11)

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

her and her husband Louis Leakey Found more proof of an African origin from a skull they found from 1.8 M years old. They also found Laetoli footprints. also choppers

anthropologist who searched for fossils in Ethiopia; found the skeleton of Lucy

killer in the Montreal Massacre of 14 women at the university of Montréal. He shot himself after killing the women.

author of Guns, Germs, and Steel; believes that geography is the key to inequality; how Eurasian and North African civilizations got ahead

the author of Sapiens; The book, focusing on Homo sapiens, surveys the history of humankind; Sapiens came to dominate the world because they are the only animal that can cooperate flexibly in large numbers.

did many tests on Animal Behavior, objected notion that animals don't have emotions. Believe species have their own form of intelligence He also experimented on the "right and wrong" or morality in animals. experiments: Chimp pro-social experiment and Capuchin money fairness experiment

Philosopher- believed humans feel different moral obligations to different species depending on how intelligent we view them

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European variant of Homo sapiens that died out about 40,000 years ago.lived in Eurasia discovered in germany in 1856 lived in caves, made tools, larger brains then preview ancestors

modern day human species

A human or human ancestor

3.2 million-year old Australopithecus afarensis found in Ethiopia in 1974.

three year old Australopithecus afarensis found by Zeray Alemseged in 2000 from 3.3M years ago

Nickname for 40% of a 4.4-million-year-old fossilised specimen of Ardipithecus ramidus. found in 1994 by Tim white.

nearly complete skeleton of a Homo ergaster youth who lived 1.5 to 1.6 million years ago. This specimen is the most complete early hominin skeleton ever found. discovered in Kenya in 1984

Indigenous people living in the amazon in Brazil. Still hunter-gatherers. observed by Patrick Tierney and Napoleon Chagnon don't praise people in order to keep an equal society.

Indigenous people of Samoa, group of islands in the south pacific studied by Margaret mead

an experiment that attempted to prove weather or not to see Nim could be conditioned to communicate with humans if he was raised like a human child in a human household.abandoned the project, and deposited the chimp in a primate-research center in Oklahoma.

American theoretical linguist argues that human brain structures naturally allow for the capacity to learn and use languages

anthropologist who studied the Yanomamo and called them "Fierce People"describes his time living among the Indigenous Yanomami people of the Amazon, during which he studied the culture's social practices, kinship systems, and daily lifestyle.- called out for ethnocentrism his claim that Yanomamö society is particularly violent, and his claim that this feature of their culture is grounded in biological differences that are the result of natural selection.

Criticized Chagnon's research - said he incited the violence and conflict said the vaccine made them sick

wrote the chrysanthemum and the sword- 1946 study of Japanese culture. Her methods of studying a culture from a distance where criticized. Very media based, didn't get full picture.

went to Samoa to study if the angst that comes w/ being a teen girl was because of their society or if it was a genetic/hormonal thing- determined that teen girls are actually very stress free there - said it was because of no taboos around sexual expression. Criticized: not staying in Samoa long enough, not knowing the language well enough and ignoring violence in samoan life. Also for being a woman in the 20s

1983: says mead got it all wrong, said samoans were competitive, jealous, suicide, rape.-said mead didn't know language well enough and didn't live in Samoa long enough- private much later time after modernization happened when his experiment, western colonization had caused these communities to take up many of the ideals from them. For ex, freeman observed practices around a woman's virginity as well as many of these commutes taking up Christianity.

English zoologist primatologist and anthropologist noted for her studies of chimpanzees in the wild - revolutionised our knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour Group of 3 primatologists, Jane G, Diane Fossey and Birute Galdikas

American primatologist and conservationist known for undertaking an extensive study of mountain gorilla groups

Primatologist, studied orangutans, group of 3 primatologists

provided clear evidence that Africa had been the cradle of mankind. anthropologist

german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; founded structuralism

founder of functionalism

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis. (MORE DETAIL LATER)

neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious" and wrote books on dream interpretation

Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud's theory

Known for his theory of cognitive development in children (more detail later)

neo-Freudian, humanistic; (more detail later)

development, contact comfort, attachment; experimented with baby monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers"; showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats (skinners box)

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert studyt

researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment

Criticism of eyewitness testimony - woman w/ really annoying voice- talked about how we cant trust our memories/ they can be manipulated

Communication professor/psychology violent video games more harmful than violent TV + film

if you grew up around aggressive behaviour, you are more likely to adapt aggressive tendencies from violent games if you grew up around non aggressive behaviour you are much less likely to develop this behaviour.

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization". Hierarchy of needs: 1) food + shelter 2) safety and security 3) Intimacy, friends, good relationships, connectedness 4) confidence, feelings of accomplishment 5) Full potential;: creativity, self fulfilment etc