Biological Concepts and Theories
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of Nature Vs. Nurture?

The debate over whether our behaviour is based on our genetic makeup (nature) or our upbringing (nurture).

What does the term "Bipedalism" mean?

The ability to walk upright on two legs.

What are opposable thumbs?

Thumbs that enable grasping objects and using tools.

What is evolution?

<p>The gradual change in a species over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is creationism?

<p>The belief that all life was created by a God or Gods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term "genetics".

<p>The study of genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA?

<p>A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up each individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the concept of natural selection.

<p>A process in which individuals with certain inherited traits survive and reproduce at higher rates due to those traits, making them dominant in the population while those without these traits fade out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the cognitive revolution occur, and what are some of its key features?

<p>The cognitive revolution occurred 70,000 years ago, marked by the emergence of cave art and new technologies like ropes and sewing needles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social Darwinism is a legitimate scientific concept.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ethnocentrism?

<p>Judging another culture based on the perceptions and norms of your own culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cultural relativism?

<p>Trying to understand a culture on its own terms without judgment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "material culture" refer to?

<p>A culture based around physical, material things like food, tools, clothing, art, and weapons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes "non-material culture"?

<p>Culture based on human creations, such as values, norms, knowledge, systems of government, language, and so on, that are not embodied in physical objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are subcultures?

<p>Subcultures operate within larger cultures, with their own ideologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are countercultures?

<p>Countercultures are formed to oppose the dominant culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are norms?

<p>Social rules that exist in all societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are folkways?

<p>The lowest level of norms, weak norms like cultural customs, such as drivers waving to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of "externalizing costs".

<p>When a company shifts its costs onto someone else.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the "Pit of Bones"?

<p>A large burial site for Homo Erectus in Spain, discovered in 1984.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe a Hunter-Gatherer society.

<p>Foraging or nomadic cultures that existed for 99% of human history, where men hunted and women gathered, lasting until around 4,000 BC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Horticultural society?

<p>Early farming communities that emerged in warm, rainy climates with sufficient rainfall, leading to specialization and semi-permanent settlements for 7-10 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the defining features of an Industrial Society?

<p>Societies that began in the late 1700s with the invention of the steam engine, characterized by factories, wage labor, rapid urbanization, and mass production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the characteristics of a Post-Industrial society.

<p>The society we live in now, characterized by communication, information, and globalization, starting after World War II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Physical Anthropology?

<p>The study of how humans have physically changed and the reasons for this evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Cultural Anthropology study?

<p>The development and changes in different cultures, as well as the similarities and differences that exist across human cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Forensic Anthropology?

<p>The application of physical anthropology to human remains in legal settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Information Age, and which societal type is associated with it?

<p>The Post-Industrial society, marked by the rapid growth and accessibility of information through technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Ethnology?

<p>A branch of cultural anthropology that focuses on the detailed examination of specific cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Linguistic Anthropology explore?

<p>The study of human communication and how languages shape human experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Altruism.

<p>Unselfish concern for the welfare of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Neoliberalism?

<p>A modified form of liberalism that emphasizes free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Globalization?

<p>Growth to a global or worldwide scale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the printing press?

<p>It revolutionized the ability to print information, leading to increased speed in the spread of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the steam engine?

<p>It was a key invention in the 1700s that marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the Laetoli footprints reveal about human evolution?

<p>They provide evidence that bipedalism began at least 3.6 million years ago, prior to the development of larger brains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Choppers, and what are they used for?

<p>Stone tools 2.5 million years old, used for purposes like whittling, cutting branches, or animal bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Fertile Crescent, known as Mesopotamia?

<p>An area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Historical Linguistics?

<p>Comparing and contrasting languages to understand their similarities and differences, which can provide clues about migration patterns and the origin of words, known as etymology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the key concept of Structural Linguistics, as put forward by Noam Chomsky.

<p>That humans have an innate, pre-existing capacity to absorb and process language structures rather than being born as blank slates who learn language solely through listening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Sociolinguistics explore?

<p>How language is used to express social status and how language usage varies in different contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Universal Grammar, according to Noam Chomsky?

<p>The theory that all the world’s languages share fundamental, underlying structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Primatology?

<p>A branch of physical anthropology that primarily studies other primates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Paleoanthropology?

<p>A branch of physical anthropology that focuses on the search for evidence of human ancestors and the mapping out of human evolutionary history.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the Anna Karenina Principle, developed by Jared Diamond.

<p>Diamond outlines six essential features an animal needs for successful domestication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does "domestication" refer to?

<p>The taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide a brief summary of the human timeline.

<p>The timeline includes the appearance of early hominins 2.5 million years ago, the emergence of Homo sapiens 200,000 years ago, the cognitive revolution 70,000 years ago, the agricultural revolution 12,000 years ago, the scientific revolution 500 years ago, the Industrial Revolution 200 years ago, and the post-industrial revolution after World War II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Charles Darwin?

<p>An English naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Mary and Louis Leakey known for?

<p>They discovered evidence of early hominids in Africa, including a skull dating back 1.8 million years, as well as the Laetoli footprints, and choppers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Donald Johanson, and what is he famous for?

<p>An anthropologist who discovered the skeleton of Lucy, a 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Marc Lepine, and what is he known for?

<p>The perpetrator of the Montreal Massacre, killing 14 women at the University of Montreal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Jared Diamond, and what is his key theory?

<p>The author of Guns, Germs, and Steel, Diamond believes that geography is a significant factor in the development of inequality among civilizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Yuval Noah Harari, and what is his most famous book about?

<p>The author of Sapiens, a book that examines the history of Homo sapiens and explores their dominance over other species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Franz de Waal, and what are some of his key contributions to our understanding of animal behavior?

<p>A primatologist who has challenged the notion that animals lack emotions, believing species have their own forms of intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Elizebeth Anderson's key belief about human morality?

<p>That humans feel different moral obligations to different species based on how intelligent we view them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were Neanderthals?

<p>A European variant of Homo sapiens that went extinct about 40,000 years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does "Homo sapiens" refer to?

<p>Modern humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Lucy, and what makes her important in human history?

<p>A 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis skeleton discovered in Ethiopia in 1974.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Selam, and what makes her important in human history?

<p>A 3.3-million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis skeleton of a three-year-old individual, discovered in 2000.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Turkana Boy, and why is he significant?

<p>The nearly complete skeleton of a Homo ergaster youth who lived 1.5 to 1.6 million years ago, discovered in Kenya in 1984.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Yanomamo culture, and what are they known for?

<p>Indigenous people living in the Amazon in Brazil, still practicing hunter-gatherer traditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the Simoans, and what are they known for?

<p>Indigenous people of Samoa, a group of islands in the South Pacific, studied by Margaret Mead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was "Project Nim"?

<p>An experiment aimed at determining if a chimpanzee, Nim Chimpsky, could be conditioned to communicate with humans through language by raising him in a human household.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Noam Chomsky, and what is his main contribution to linguistics?

<p>An American theoretical linguist who argues that the human brain has a natural capacity for language learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Napoleon Chagnon, and what is he known for?

<p>An anthropologist who studied the Yanomamo, describing them as &quot;fierce people&quot; and exploring their culture and social practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Patrick Tierney, and what is his perspective on Chagnon’s work?

<p>An anthropologist who criticized Chagnon's research on the Yanomamo, claiming he exaggerated their violence and incited conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Ruth Benedict, and what is she known for?

<p>An anthropologist who wrote &quot;The Chrysanthemum and the Sword&quot;, a study of Japanese culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Diamond Jenness, and what is he known for?

<p>An anthropologist who studied the Copper Inuit of the Canadian Arctic, documenting their oral history, songs, legends, and daily life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Rick Potts, and what is his key theory about human evolution?

<p>An American anthropologist who theorizes that human evolution is driven by climate change and the need for adaptability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Margaret Mead?

<p>An anthropologist who conducted a famous study of Samoan adolescent girls, suggesting that their culture had a minimal impact on the stress associated with adolescence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Derek Freeman?

<p>An anthropologist who criticized Mead's study of Samoa, arguing that she misrepresented Samoan culture and ignored its complexities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Jane Goodall, and what is she known for?

<p>An English zoologist, primatologist, and anthropologist, famous for her extensive research on chimpanzees in the wild.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Diane Fossey?

<p>An American primatologist and conservationist known for her research on mountain gorillas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Birute Galdikas?

<p>A primatologist who focused on studying orangutans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Raymond Dart, and what is he known for?

<p>An anthropologist who provided crucial evidence that Africa was the cradle of humanity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

<p>A German physiologist who is considered the founder of psychology as a formal science.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is William James?

<p>A prominent figure in the development of psychology, known as the founder of functionalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Sigmund Freud?

<p>An Austrian physician who developed the theory of psychoanalysis, focusing on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Carl Jung?

<p>A neo-Freudian who developed the concept of the &quot;collective unconscious&quot; and wrote extensively on dream interpretation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Karen Horney?

<p>A neo-Freudian who offered a feminist critique of Freud's theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Jean Piaget?

<p>A psychologist known for his research on cognitive development in children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Erik Erikson?

<p>A neo-Freudian and humanistic psychologist known for his theory of psychosocial development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Harry Harlow, and what are his key contributions to psychology?

<p>A psychologist who conducted famous experiments with baby monkeys, demonstrating the importance of contact comfort in attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Ivan Pavlov, and what is he known for?

<p>A physiologist who discovered classical conditioning, demonstrated by his experiments with dogs salivating to the ringing of a bell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is B.F. Skinner, and what is he known for?

<p>A behaviorist who developed the theory of operant conditioning, through experiments with pigeons and rats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is John Watson, and what is his key contribution to psychology?

<p>A psychologist who founded behaviorism, focusing on observable behaviors and environmental influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Albert Bandura, and what is his most famous experiment?

<p>A psychologist who researched observational learning and the famous Bobo doll experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Elizabeth Loftus, and what is her area of expertise?

<p>A psychologist known for her research on the unreliability of eyewitness testimony and the malleability of memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Brad Bushman, and what is his main point of research?

<p>A communication professor and psychologist who argues that violence in video games is more harmful than in television and movies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Karin Fikkers, and what is her key idea?

<p>A researcher who contends that children raised around aggressive behavior are more likely to exhibit aggression in response to violent video games, while those raised in non-aggressive environments are less likely to do so.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Abraham Maslow, and what is he known for?

<p>A humanistic psychologist known for his hierarchy of needs and the concept of self-actualization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bipedalism

the ability to walk upright on two legs

Opposable thumbs

thumb that enables grasping objects and using tools

Evolution

the gradual change in a species over time

Creationism

belief that all life was created by a God or Gods

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Genetics

the study of genes

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DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up each individual

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Natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. this means that the individuals that process those traits become the dominant population and the ones that didn't fade out

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Cognitive revolution

70,000 years ago with the emergence of Cave art and new tech like ropes and sewing needles

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Social Darwinism

not a real science - "survival of the fittest" the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better - justified, eugenics, racism, imperialism and other social injustices

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Ethnocentrism

going to another culture and judging it based on the perceptions and norms of your own culture

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Cultural relativism

not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

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Material culture

a culture based around physical, material things food, tools, clothing, art, weapons

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Non-material culture

culture based on Human creations, such as values, norms, knowledge, systems of government, language, and so on, that are not embodied in physical objects

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Subcultures

subcultures operate within cultures, their own ideologies

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Counter cultures

countercultures are formed to oppose the dominant culture

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Norms

social rules, all societies have them, 4 types of norms

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Folkways

lowest level of norms - weak norms, cultural norms, like drivers waving to each other

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Mores

have to do with culturally specific morals - eg. addressing elders respectfully; respecting other's property

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Laws

norms sanctioned by the government -there are serious repercussions for breaking these

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Taboos

incest, cannibalism - usually will bring criminal charges but also a high level of community disgust

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Externalizing costs

when a company, outputs their costs so that someone else has to pay it

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Fossils

the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock.

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FOXP2

a gene that is important in language and speech production

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Pit of bones

found in Spain big pit of bones- burial site for homo Erectus. 1984 (45000)

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Hunter-Gatherer society

foraging/nomadic cultures lasted 99% of human existence men hunted women gathered this stopped around 4,000 BC

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Horticultural society

early primitive farming communities occurred where temperatures were warm and rain was sufficient start of specialization lived in one place for 7-10 years****ED UP THE LAND - no irrigation began around 11000-12000 years ago

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Agricultural society

began around 8000-9000 years ago first permanent settlements emerged as farming techniques were perfected Key development: domestication of animals As these cultures developed the gap between rich and poor widened greater quantities of food produced = increased population size

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Industrial society

took off late 1700s w/ invention of steam engine Machine age factories - wage labourers rapid urbanization mass production - non-human energy harnessed Trains goods could be moved to more distant market people could visit distant foreign places the earth went through a period of laying tracks in the mid 1800s Mining ships consumerism lost of issues (poor conditions, child labour, poverty)gap between rich and poor expanded

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Post-Industrial Society

The world we live in now!it began shortly after the end of WW2 Communication-based culture The Information Age:began w/ the TV Globalization key incredible gap between rich and poor the world's richest 1 percent own 44 percent of the world's wealth LIBERALISM - key philosophy

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Physical Anthropology

How did humans physically change?Why did we evolve that way?

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Cultural Anthropology

How did different cultures develop/ change?differences that exist in all human cultures?

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Forensic Anthropology

the study of physical anthropology as it applies to human remains in a legal setting

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Information Age

post-industrial society

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Ethnology

branch of cultural anthropology: detailed examination of specific cultures

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Archeology

Branch of cultural anthropology:Ancient cultures through examination of materials (pottery, tools etc)

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Linguistic Anthropology

Branch of cultural anthropology study of human communication process- language is the root of most human experiences

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Altruism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

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Neoliberalism

a modified form of liberalism tending to favor free-market capitalism.A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

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Globalization

growth to a global or worldwide scale.

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Printing press

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself.

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Steam engine

an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power. start of the industrial revolution 1700s

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Laetoli footprints

clearly bipedal, strong heel strike, distinct arch, shows bipedalism began at least 3.6 million years prior to development of larger brains

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Choppers

Discovered by Louis and Mary leakey 2.5 M years old, stone tools used for many things Whittle, cutting branches/animal bones

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Fertile Crescent

an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began also knows Mesopotamia

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Historical Linguistics

compares/ similarities/differences to different languages gives clues to migration rates etymology- origin of words

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Structural Linguistics

key figure: Noam Chomsky up until Chomsky everyone believed babies born blank slates who learn language by listening- Chomsky blew the lid off this with his theory that humans have an internal pre existing capability to absorb language structures

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Sociolinguistics

how language is used to express status different language used in different context

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Universal grammar

Noam Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure

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Primatology

physical anthropology studying other primates, often among them (Jane goodall)

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Paleoanthropology

branch of Physical anthropology looking for remains of older ancestors to map out human evolutionary journey. also other human like species

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Anna Karenina Principle

Diamond outlined 6 features an animal needs to be domesticated - reared to as Anna Karenina principle

  1. growth rate - grow up quickly, pretty independent
  2. disposition - friendly, docile disposition. Won't attack. Follow leads
  3. captive breeding - most animals require privacy to breed, domestic animals don't care
  4. diet - easily supplied diet
  5. reaction to danger - not too skittish (ex; deer are very skittish and have not been domesticated)
  6. social structure - herding animals, not individuality animals. Follow a leader animals.
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Domestication

the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food

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Human timeline

look at timeline for more depth basically (2.5 M species of homos appeared, 0.2 M years ago first homo-sapiens appeared, 70k years ago cognitive revolution, 12k years ago agricultural revolution, around 500 years ago scientific revolution, Industrial revolution around 200 years ago, post- industrial revolution soon after WW11)

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Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

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Mary Leakey

her and her husband Louis Leakey Found more proof of an African origin from a skull they found from 1.8 M years old. They also found Laetoli footprints. also choppers

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Donald Johanson

anthropologist who searched for fossils in Ethiopia; found the skeleton of Lucy

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Marc Lepine

killer in the Montreal Massacre of 14 women at the university of Montréal. He shot himself after killing the women.

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Jared Diamond

author of Guns, Germs, and Steel; believes that geography is the key to inequality; how Eurasian and North African civilizations got ahead

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Yuval Noah Harari

the author of Sapiens; The book, focusing on Homo sapiens, surveys the history of humankind; Sapiens came to dominate the world because they are the only animal that can cooperate flexibly in large numbers.

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Franz de Waal

did many tests on Animal Behavior, objected notion that animals don't have emotions. Believe species have their own form of intelligence He also experimented on the "right and wrong" or morality in animals. experiments: Chimp pro-social experiment and Capuchin money fairness experiment

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Elizebeth Anderson

Philosopher- believed humans feel different moral obligations to different species depending on how intelligent we view them

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Neanderthals

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European variant of Homo sapiens that died out about 40,000 years ago.lived in Eurasia discovered in germany in 1856 lived in caves, made tools, larger brains then preview ancestors

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Homo sapiens

modern day human species

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Hominims

A human or human ancestor

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Lucy

3.2 million-year old Australopithecus afarensis found in Ethiopia in 1974.

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Selam

three year old Australopithecus afarensis found by Zeray Alemseged in 2000 from 3.3M years ago

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Ardi

Nickname for 40% of a 4.4-million-year-old fossilised specimen of Ardipithecus ramidus. found in 1994 by Tim white.

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Turkana Boy

nearly complete skeleton of a Homo ergaster youth who lived 1.5 to 1.6 million years ago. This specimen is the most complete early hominin skeleton ever found. discovered in Kenya in 1984

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Study Notes

Nature vs. Nurture

  • Nature vs. nurture debate considers whether behavior is primarily determined by genetics (nature) or upbringing (nurture).

Bipedalism

  • Bipedalism is the ability to walk on two legs.

Opposable Thumbs

  • Opposable thumbs allow for grasping objects and using tools.

Evolution

  • Evolution is the gradual change in species over time.

Creationism

  • Creationism is the belief that life was created by a god or gods.

Genetics

  • Genetics is the study of genes.

DNA

  • DNA is a complex molecule containing genetic information.

Natural Selection

  • Natural selection is a process where individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more effectively, leading to dominance of those traits in the population.

Cognitive Revolution

  • Cognitive revolution involved advances like cave art and new technologies (ropes, needles) around 70,000 years ago.

Social Darwinism

  • Social Darwinism is a flawed concept asserting that societal power is determined by innate superiority, justifying injustice.

Ethnocentrism

  • Ethnocentrism involves judging another culture based on the norms of one's own culture.

Cultural Relativism

  • Cultural relativism involves understanding a culture on its own terms without judging it.

Material Culture

  • Material culture encompasses physical objects like tools, food, clothing, and art.

Non-Material Culture

  • Non-material culture includes intangible human creations like values, norms, knowledge, and language.

Subcultures

  • Subcultures are smaller groups within a larger culture with their own unique ideologies.

Countercultures

  • Countercultures oppose the dominant culture.

Norms

  • Norms are social rules; every society has them. Four types of norms exist.

Folkways

  • Folkways are the weakest norms, like polite gestures within a culture.

Mores

  • Mores involve cultural morals, like respect for elders or property.

Laws

  • Laws are government-sanctioned norms with serious consequences for violation.

Taboos

  • Taboos are highly offensive norms like incest or cannibalism.

Externalizing Costs

  • Externalizing costs occur when a company's costs are imposed on others.

Fossils

  • Fossils are preserved remains or impressions of prehistoric organisms.

FOXP2

  • FOXP2 is a gene associated with language and speech.

Pit of Bones

  • The Pit of Bones is a significant burial site in Spain, containing Homo erectus remains from 45,000 years ago.

Hunter-Gatherer Society

  • Hunter-gatherer societies, dominant for 99% of human history, involved hunting by men and gathering by women, ceasing around 4000 BCE.

Horticultural Society

  • Horticultural societies practiced early farming, often in warmer, rain-sufficient regions, between 11,000-12,000 years ago. They had temporary settlements.

Agricultural Society

  • Agricultural societies began around 8,000-9,000 years ago, resulting in permanent settlements, animal domestication, and larger populations, but also a widening gap between rich and poor.

Industrial Society

  • Industrial societies emerged in the late 1700s with the steam engine, characterized by factories, urbanization, and mass production, but also significant social problems like poor conditions and child labor.

Post-Industrial Society

  • Post-industrial societies, starting after World War II, are communication-based, characterized by globalization, the information age, and a substantial gap between rich and poor.

Physical Anthropology

  • Physical anthropology examines human physical evolution and change.

Cultural Anthropology

  • Cultural anthropology explores how different cultures have developed and changed.

Forensic Anthropology

  • Forensic anthropology applies physical anthropology to legal cases involving human remains.

Information Age

  • The Information Age is a characteristic of the post-industrial society.

Ethnology

  • Ethnology is a branch of cultural anthropology focusing on the detailed examination of specific cultures.

Archaeology

  • Archaeology studies ancient cultures via material remains.

Linguistic Anthropology

  • Linguistic anthropology studies human communication through the lens of language.

Altruism

  • Altruism involves unselfish concern for others.

Neoliberalism

  • Neoliberalism is a free-market, capitalism-favoring philosophy emphasizing free markets and minimal government intervention.

Globalization

  • Globalization is the expansion of global reach or scale.

Printing Press

  • The printing press, invented in the 15th century, revolutionized information dissemination.

Steam Engine

  • The steam engine, key to the Industrial Revolution, generated power using steam.

Laetoli Footprints

  • Laetoli footprints, showing bipedalism at least 3.6 million years ago, were significant in understanding early human development.

Choppers

  • Choppers were stone tools discovered about 2.5 million years ago, used for various tasks.

Fertile Crescent

  • The Fertile Crescent was a region in southwest Asia where early civilizations developed.

Historical Linguistics

  • Historical linguistics examines language change and similarities to understand migration rates and language origins.

Structural Linguistics

  • Structural linguistics, with Noam Chomsky, explores the underlying structure of language.

Sociolinguistics

  • Sociolinguistics investigates how language usage reflects social status and context.

Universal Grammar

  • Universal grammar, proposed by Chomsky, suggests a shared fundamental language structure across the world's languages.

Primatology

  • Primatology is the study of physical primates and primate behavior.

Paleoanthropology

  • Paleoanthropology examines human ancestors and other hominin species.

Anna Karenina Principle

  • The Anna Karenina Principle outlines six factors for animal domestication: growth rate, disposition, captive breeding, diet, reaction to danger, and social structure.

Domestication

  • Domestication is the taming of animals for human use.

Human Timeline

  • A review of major milestones in human history, including hominin emergence, cognitive revolution, agricultural revolution, and recent developments.

Charles Darwin

  • Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Mary Leakey

  • Mary Leakey provided evidence for Africa as the cradle of humankind with her fossil finds and the discovery of Laetoli footprints with her husband, Louis Leakey.

Donald Johanson

  • Donald Johanson discovered the Lucy skeleton, a crucial hominin fossil.

Marc Lepine

  • Marc Lepine was responsible for the Montreal Massacre.

Jared Diamond

  • Jared Diamond suggested geographic factors contributed to the development of different civilizations.

Yuval Noah Harari

  • Yuval Noah Harari explored the history of Homo sapiens and their dominance.

Franz de Waal

  • Frans de Waal studied animal behavior, questioning the notion that animals lack emotions.

Elizebeth Anderson

  • Elizebeth Anderson considered different moral obligations towards different animal species based on their intelligence.

Neanderthals

  • Neanderthals, an extinct variant of Homo sapiens, resided in Eurasia and had larger brains than previous ancestors.

Homo sapiens

  • Homo sapiens is the modern human species.

Hominins

  • Hominins encompass humans and their ancestors.

Lucy

  • Lucy is a 3.2 million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis skeleton.

Selam

  • Selam is notable 3.3 million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis specimen.

Ardi

  • Ardi is a 4.4 million-year-old Ardipithecus ramidus specimen.

Turkana Boy

  • Turkana Boy is a nearly complete Homo ergaster skeleton.

Yanomamo

  • The Yanomamo are indigenous people in the Amazon, often studied for their cultural practices.

Samoans

  • Samoans are indigenous people of the South Pacific islands studied by Margaret Mead.

Nim Chimpsky "Project Nim"

  • Project Nim involved attempts to teach chimpanzee Nim human communication.

Noam Chomsky

  • Noam Chomsky explored the innate capacity for language in humans.

Napoleon Chagnon

  • Napoleon Chagnon studied the Yanomamo and contributed to their reputation.

Patrick Tierney

  • Patrick Tierney criticized Chagnon's research regarding the Yanomamo.

Ruth Benedict

  • Ruth Benedict explored aspects of Japanese culture.

Diamond Jenness

  • Diamond Jenness studied the Innuinait (Copper Inuit) and their culture.

Rick Potts

  • Rick Potts proposed climate change as a driver of human evolution.

Margaret Mead

  • Margaret Mead studied Samoans concerning teen angst and societal norms.

Derek Freeman

  • Derek Freeman challenged Mead's conclusions regarding Samoans.

Jane Goodall

  • Jane Goodall studied chimpanzee behavior, significantly impacting our understanding of the species.

Diane Fossey

  • Diane Fossey studied gorilla behavior and conservation efforts.

Birute Galdikas

  • Birute Galdikas studied orangutans.

Raymond Dart

  • Raymond Dart provided evidence supporting Africa as the cradle of humankind.

Wilhelm Wundt

  • Wilhelm Wundt founded the formal science of psychology, or structuralism.

William James

  • William James founded functionalism.

Sigmund Freud

  • Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis, focusing on the unconscious.

Carl Jung

  • Carl Jung focused on the collective unconscious and dream interpretation.

Karen Horney

  • Karen Horney critiqued Freud's theories from a feminist perspective.

Jean Piaget

  • Jean Piaget explored cognitive development in children.

Erik Erikson

  • Erik Erikson explored psychosocial development.

Harry Harlow

  • Harry Harlow studied attachment in monkeys.

Ivan Pavlov

  • Ivan Pavlov contributed to classical conditioning.

BF Skinner

  • B.F. Skinner explored operant conditioning.

John Watson

  • John Watson emphasized external behaviors in psychology.

Albert Bandura

  • Albert Bandura researched observational learning, including the Bobo doll experiment.

Elizabeth Loftus

  • Elizabeth Loftus investigated the fallibility of eyewitness testimonies due to potential manipulation.

Brad Bushman

  • Brad Bushman studied the harm associated with violent video games.

Karin Fikkers

  • Karin Fikkers examined the impact of upbringing on aggressive behavior development.

Abraham Maslow

  • Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs, emphasizing self-actualization.

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This quiz explores key biological concepts such as nature vs. nurture, bipedalism, and the role of genetics in evolution. It also discusses the influence of natural selection and the ideas surrounding creationism and social Darwinism. Test your knowledge on these fundamental ideas that shape our understanding of biology.

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