BIOL/MCBL 121 Lecture 2: Biogenesis, Evolution, and Diversity

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What is the purpose of the Miller-Urey Experiment?

To study the replication and transcription of DNA in early organisms

To analyze the structure and activity of proteins in early organisms

To study the origin of life on early Earth by simulating chemical and energy conditions (correct)

To investigate the evolution of eukaryotes

What did the Miller-Urey Experiment produce?

Ribosomal RNA and proteins

Glycine, alanine, and some other amino acids and AA derivatives (correct)

Nucleic acids from hydrogen cyanide and ammonia

Prokaryotes with distinct forms of life

What is the molecular clock based on?

Structural basis for independent activity in RNA

Conserved functions in all organisms

The alignment of homologous sequences in divergent species or strains

Acquisition of new random mutations in each round of DNA replication (correct)

What does the 16S rRNA gene encode?

Components of the transcription and translation apparatus Signup and view all the answers

Who revealed that prokaryotes living in hot springs and producing methane were a distinct form of life?

Carl Woese Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of evolutionary relationships among biological individuals called?

Phylogenetics Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Archaea from Bacteria and Eukaryotes?

Different cell wall and membrane lipid biochemistry Signup and view all the answers

What can be used to distinguish microbial species?

Ribosomal RNA sequences Signup and view all the answers

"How did eukaryotes arise?" is a question related to:

"Evolution of Eukaryotes" Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Ribosome-binding site (RBS aka ShineDalgarno sequence) on mRNA?

To allow binding to 30s subunit Signup and view all the answers

What is the most widely used molecular clock gene for bacterial species?

16S rRNA (bacteria) Signup and view all the answers

What does RNA bases base-pairing within the same molecule determine?

Structure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a fundamental condition required for the evolution of the first cells?

Continual source of energy Signup and view all the answers

What are stromatolites?

Sedimentary layers of limestone Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of energy required for the evolution of the first cells?

Nuclear fusion reactions within the sun Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which small organic molecules arise abiotically from simple reduced chemicals sparked by lightning?

Abiogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What are the earliest forms of life for which we have clear fossil evidence?

Stromatolites Signup and view all the answers

What is 16S used as for bacterial evolution?

Molecular clock Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature range permitting liquid water important for?

Metabolic reactions Signup and view all the answers

'The Prebiotic Soup' refers to the generation of organic building blocks from what?

Simple reduced chemicals sparked by lightning Signup and view all the answers

'The Prebiotic Soup' resulted in the production of what?

Complex macromolecules Signup and view all the answers

'The Prebiotic Soup' contributed to which crucial step in the evolution of life?

$Self-replication$ and membrane compartmentalization Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the endosymbiont theory?

Eukaryotic organelles evolved from prokaryotic cells engulfed by pre-eukaryotes. Signup and view all the answers

How did Lynn Margulis modify the old five-kingdom system?

By proposing the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of eukaryotic organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic behavior of mitochondria supports the endosymbiotic theory?

They reproduce independently inside the host organism. Signup and view all the answers

What did the endosymbiosis theory imply about the ancestry of living species?

It implied a polyphyletic ancestry of living species. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of endosymbiotic bacteria known as rhizobia?

Inducing roots of legumes to form special nodules for bacterial nitrogen fixation. Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganisms make essential nutritional contributions to host animals?

Endosymbiotic bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the evolutionary origin of mitochondria according to the endosymbiont theory?

They were originally bacteria engulfed by pre-eukaryotes. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the behavior of endosymbiotic organisms like mitochondria inside a host organism?