34 Questions
What is the purpose of the Miller-Urey Experiment?
To study the origin of life on early Earth by simulating chemical and energy conditions
What did the Miller-Urey Experiment produce?
Glycine, alanine, and some other amino acids and AA derivatives
What is the molecular clock based on?
Acquisition of new random mutations in each round of DNA replication
What does the 16S rRNA gene encode?
Components of the transcription and translation apparatus
Who revealed that prokaryotes living in hot springs and producing methane were a distinct form of life?
Carl Woese
What is the study of evolutionary relationships among biological individuals called?
Phylogenetics
What distinguishes Archaea from Bacteria and Eukaryotes?
Different cell wall and membrane lipid biochemistry
What can be used to distinguish microbial species?
Ribosomal RNA sequences
"How did eukaryotes arise?" is a question related to:
"Evolution of Eukaryotes"
What is the main purpose of the Ribosome-binding site (RBS aka ShineDalgarno sequence) on mRNA?
To allow binding to 30s subunit
What is the most widely used molecular clock gene for bacterial species?
16S rRNA (bacteria)
What does RNA bases base-pairing within the same molecule determine?
Structure
Which of the following is a fundamental condition required for the evolution of the first cells?
Continual source of energy
What are stromatolites?
Sedimentary layers of limestone
What is the main source of energy required for the evolution of the first cells?
Nuclear fusion reactions within the sun
What is the process by which small organic molecules arise abiotically from simple reduced chemicals sparked by lightning?
Abiogenesis
What are the earliest forms of life for which we have clear fossil evidence?
Stromatolites
What is 16S used as for bacterial evolution?
Molecular clock
What is the temperature range permitting liquid water important for?
Metabolic reactions
'The Prebiotic Soup' refers to the generation of organic building blocks from what?
Simple reduced chemicals sparked by lightning
'The Prebiotic Soup' resulted in the production of what?
Complex macromolecules
'The Prebiotic Soup' contributed to which crucial step in the evolution of life?
$Self-replication$ and membrane compartmentalization
What is the main idea behind the endosymbiont theory?
Eukaryotic organelles evolved from prokaryotic cells engulfed by pre-eukaryotes.
How did Lynn Margulis modify the old five-kingdom system?
By proposing the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of eukaryotic organelles.
What characteristic behavior of mitochondria supports the endosymbiotic theory?
They reproduce independently inside the host organism.
What did the endosymbiosis theory imply about the ancestry of living species?
It implied a polyphyletic ancestry of living species.
What is the role of endosymbiotic bacteria known as rhizobia?
Inducing roots of legumes to form special nodules for bacterial nitrogen fixation.
Which microorganisms make essential nutritional contributions to host animals?
Endosymbiotic bacteria
What is the evolutionary origin of mitochondria according to the endosymbiont theory?
They were originally bacteria engulfed by pre-eukaryotes.
What characterizes the behavior of endosymbiotic organisms like mitochondria inside a host organism?
They reproduce independently inside the host organism.
What implication did the endosymbiosis theory have on the origin of eukaryotic organelles?
It proposed that eukaryotic organelles evolved from prokaryotic cells engulfed by pre-eukaryotes.
What behavior of mitochondria supports their classification as endosymbiotic organisms?
Reproducing independently inside the host organism.
How did Lynn Margulis impact the understanding of eukaryotic organelles' evolution?
By proposing that eukaryotic organelles evolved from prokaryotic cells engulfed by pre-eukaryotes.
What was a significant implication of the endosymbiosis theory on the ancestry of living species?
It implied a polyphyletic ancestry of living species.
This quiz covers topics related to the origins of life, including the differences between abiogenesis and the expansion in the pool of biological molecules, the use of 16S as a molecular clock for bacterial evolution, and the endosymbiont theory for the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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