BIOL/MCBL 121 Lecture 2: Biogenesis, Evolution, and Diversity
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the Miller-Urey Experiment?

  • To study the replication and transcription of DNA in early organisms
  • To analyze the structure and activity of proteins in early organisms
  • To study the origin of life on early Earth by simulating chemical and energy conditions (correct)
  • To investigate the evolution of eukaryotes

    • What did the Miller-Urey Experiment produce?

  • Ribosomal RNA and proteins
  • Glycine, alanine, and some other amino acids and AA derivatives (correct)
  • Nucleic acids from hydrogen cyanide and ammonia
  • Prokaryotes with distinct forms of life

    • What is the molecular clock based on?

  • Structural basis for independent activity in RNA
  • Conserved functions in all organisms
  • The alignment of homologous sequences in divergent species or strains
  • Acquisition of new random mutations in each round of DNA replication (correct)

    • What does the 16S rRNA gene encode?

    <p>Components of the transcription and translation apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who revealed that prokaryotes living in hot springs and producing methane were a distinct form of life?

    <p>Carl Woese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of evolutionary relationships among biological individuals called?

    <p>Phylogenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Archaea from Bacteria and Eukaryotes?

    <p>Different cell wall and membrane lipid biochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to distinguish microbial species?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "How did eukaryotes arise?" is a question related to:

    <p>&quot;Evolution of Eukaryotes&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Ribosome-binding site (RBS aka ShineDalgarno sequence) on mRNA?

    <p>To allow binding to 30s subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most widely used molecular clock gene for bacterial species?

    <p>16S rRNA (bacteria)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RNA bases base-pairing within the same molecule determine?

    <p>Structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a fundamental condition required for the evolution of the first cells?

    <p>Continual source of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are stromatolites?

    <p>Sedimentary layers of limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of energy required for the evolution of the first cells?

    <p>Nuclear fusion reactions within the sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which small organic molecules arise abiotically from simple reduced chemicals sparked by lightning?

    <p>Abiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the earliest forms of life for which we have clear fossil evidence?

    <p>Stromatolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 16S used as for bacterial evolution?

    <p>Molecular clock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature range permitting liquid water important for?

    <p>Metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The Prebiotic Soup' refers to the generation of organic building blocks from what?

    <p>Simple reduced chemicals sparked by lightning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The Prebiotic Soup' resulted in the production of what?

    <p>Complex macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The Prebiotic Soup' contributed to which crucial step in the evolution of life?

    <p>$Self-replication$ and membrane compartmentalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the endosymbiont theory?

    <p>Eukaryotic organelles evolved from prokaryotic cells engulfed by pre-eukaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Lynn Margulis modify the old five-kingdom system?

    <p>By proposing the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of eukaryotic organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic behavior of mitochondria supports the endosymbiotic theory?

    <p>They reproduce independently inside the host organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the endosymbiosis theory imply about the ancestry of living species?

    <p>It implied a polyphyletic ancestry of living species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of endosymbiotic bacteria known as rhizobia?

    <p>Inducing roots of legumes to form special nodules for bacterial nitrogen fixation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganisms make essential nutritional contributions to host animals?

    <p>Endosymbiotic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary origin of mitochondria according to the endosymbiont theory?

    <p>They were originally bacteria engulfed by pre-eukaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the behavior of endosymbiotic organisms like mitochondria inside a host organism?

    <p>They reproduce independently inside the host organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implication did the endosymbiosis theory have on the origin of eukaryotic organelles?

    <p>It proposed that eukaryotic organelles evolved from prokaryotic cells engulfed by pre-eukaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior of mitochondria supports their classification as endosymbiotic organisms?

    <p>Reproducing independently inside the host organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Lynn Margulis impact the understanding of eukaryotic organelles' evolution?

    <p>By proposing that eukaryotic organelles evolved from prokaryotic cells engulfed by pre-eukaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant implication of the endosymbiosis theory on the ancestry of living species?

    <p>It implied a polyphyletic ancestry of living species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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