BIOL150 Test 1 Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

Store energy in the form of carbohydrates

Transport molecules to the cell membrane

Break down cellular debris using enzymes (correct)

Synthesize proteins for the cell

What structure is primarily responsible for providing cellular stability and movement in eukaryotic cells?

Ribosomes

Cytoskeleton (correct)

Nucleus

Cell membrane

Which of the following is a characteristic of microvilli?

They have a whip-like motion for movement

They enhance the surface area of cells (correct)

They are composed of nucleotides

They are larger than cilia

Which type of junction seals the space between cells to prevent material from passing through?

Tight junctions Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of exocytosis in cellular transport?

Releasing materials from the cell Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes phagocytosis from pinocytosis?

Phagocytosis involves a large vesicle called a phagosome, while pinocytosis involves smaller vesicles for liquids. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is found only in plant cells?

Cell wall Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of gap junctions in cells?

They facilitate high-speed communication between neighboring cells. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an essential element for an organism?

It is necessary for growth and cannot be synthesized by the organism. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a compound?

A pure chemical consisting of two or more elements bonded together. Signup and view all the answers

What does the atomic number of an element indicate?

The number of protons in the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What function does the nucleolus serve in the cell?

It synthesizes ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons only. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of mitochondria in the cell?

Energy production. Signup and view all the answers

How do large molecules like glucose enter the cell?

They require vesicles for transport. Signup and view all the answers

What is the general rule for atomic stability regarding electron shells?

Atoms are most stable with 8 electrons in their outer shell. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Rough ER is covered in ribosomes, while smooth ER is not. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?

Covalent bond. Signup and view all the answers

Why do muscle and liver cells have a high number of mitochondria?

They undergo more cellular respiration and need more ATP. Signup and view all the answers

What is an ion?

An atom that has lost or gained electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of isotopes?

They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

It sorts, packages, and transports cellular products. Signup and view all the answers

What is the semi-permeable nature of the cell membrane primarily due to?

The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cytoplasm?

It contains enzymes along with nutrients and electrolytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the active site in enzymes?

To fit substrates like a lock and key Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the modern additions to cell theory?

Cells contain DNA that is passed on during division Signup and view all the answers

In which order are the biological classifications arranged?

Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Family-Order-Genus-Species Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly differentiates prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a multicellular organism?

A tree Signup and view all the answers

What is binomial nomenclature?

A two-term system for naming species Signup and view all the answers

Why do eukaryotic cells have organelles?

To accommodate a variety of functions within the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following definitions applies to intercellular?

Existing between cells Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of ionic bonds makes them generally weaker than covalent bonds?

Ionic bonds involve complete transfer of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemical bond is formed when a hydrogen atom is attracted to a more electronegative atom?

Hydrogen bond Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules includes carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleotides?

Organic molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the special properties of water that contributes to its unique behavior in different states of matter?

It exists in all three states of matter naturally. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of water by a specific amount?

Specific heat Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature of water allows it to promote cohesion and adhesion?

Hydrogen bonding Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of inorganic molecules?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

What accounts for the lower density of ice compared to liquid water?

The H bonds in ice create a crystal lattice that is less dense. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Test Information

Test scheduled for September 26, 2024
Content covers all lectures and self-guided learning on Blackboard
Format includes multiple choice and short answer questions
Worth 20% of final grade

Matter and Elements

Matter: possesses volume and mass; can be a solid, liquid, or gas
Elements: substances that cannot be chemically broken down further
Essential Elements: necessary for growth, including C, H, O, N, P, S
Trace Elements: present in minuscule amounts (<100 ppm), vital for growth

Atomic Structure

Atom: smallest unit of an element retaining its properties
Compound: pure substance formed by two or more elements chemically bonded
Molecule: single unit of a compound
Mixture: substances combined physically, not chemically bonded

Subatomic Particles

Protons: positively charged particles in the nucleus
Neutrons: neutral particles also found in the nucleus
Electrons: negatively charged fundamental particles surrounding the nucleus
Atomic Number: number of protons in an atom
Mass Number: sum of protons and neutrons in an atom

Ions and Isotopes

Ion: atom with an unequal number of electrons
Isotope: atom with varying numbers of neutrons
Radioactive Decay: process where isotopes lose neutrons over time

Electron Configuration

Electrons occupy specific orbitals:
- 1s: 2 electrons
- 2s: 2 electrons
- 2p: 6 electrons total (2 each for x, y, z)
- 3s: 2 electrons
- 3p: 6 electrons total (2 each for x, y, z)
Atoms are most stable with 8 electrons in their outer shell

Chemical Bonds

Intramolecular Bonds:
- Covalent: shared electrons, can be single, double, or triple bonds
- Ionic: one atom steals an electron from another, creating charged ions
Intermolecular Bonds:
- Hydrogen Bonds: interactions between partially charged molecules

Organic vs Inorganic Molecules

Organic Molecules: contain C-H bonds; examples include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Inorganic Molecules: lack C-H bonds; typically simpler, examples include salts and metals

Properties of Water

Most abundant compound on Earth's surface; exists in solid, liquid, and gas states
Density of solid water is less than that of liquid water
High specific heat capacity and heat of vaporization
Cohesion and adhesion properties facilitate biological processes

Cell Theory Essentials

All organisms composed of one or more cells
Cells are basic life units; all cells arise from previous cells
Modern additions: DNA contained within cells, uniform chemical composition

Definitions

Binomial Nomenclature: two-term scientific naming system (Genus species)
Eukaryotes: cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotes: simpler, nucleus-lacking organisms like bacteria

Cell Anatomy

Cell Membrane: semi-permeable, composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins
Nucleus: houses hereditary information; coordinates cellular activities through the nuclear membrane and pores
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance containing organelles; involved in endocytosis and exocytosis
Mitochondria: ATP producers; contain their own DNA and double membranes

Cell Structures

Ribosomes: sites for protein synthesis; can be free or bound to ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
- Rough ER: synthesizes and packages proteins
- Smooth ER: lipid production and detoxification
Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from ER

Lysosomes and Cytoskeleton

Lysosomes: digestive organelles containing enzymes for breaking down debris
Cytoskeleton: network of protein fibers providing structure and enabling cell movement

Microvilli, Cilia, and Flagella

Microvilli: increase surface area; bolster cell structure
Cilia: small, hair-like structures for movement, common in respiratory tract
Flagella: whip-like structures; unique to certain cells in humans

Plant vs Animal Cells

Plant cells possess cell walls, plastids, and large central vacuoles
Plant cells include centrosomes but lack centrioles

Cell Junctions

Tight Junctions: create impermeable barriers between cells
Gap Junctions: facilitate rapid communication between neighboring cells

Transport Mechanisms

Exocytosis: expelling materials from a cell
Endocytosis: engulfing extracellular materials into vesicles
Phagocytosis: large-scale engulfing ('eating') process
Pinocytosis: small-scale fluid uptake ('drinking') process

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Description

Prepare for the BIOL150 Test 1 with this comprehensive review. This quiz covers essential topics including matter, elements, and essential elements vital for understanding organisms. Test your knowledge with multiple-choice and short-answer questions designed to help you succeed.