Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?
What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?
- Store energy in the form of carbohydrates
- Transport molecules to the cell membrane
- Break down cellular debris using enzymes (correct)
- Synthesize proteins for the cell
What structure is primarily responsible for providing cellular stability and movement in eukaryotic cells?
What structure is primarily responsible for providing cellular stability and movement in eukaryotic cells?
- Ribosomes
- Cytoskeleton (correct)
- Nucleus
- Cell membrane
Which of the following is a characteristic of microvilli?
Which of the following is a characteristic of microvilli?
- They have a whip-like motion for movement
- They enhance the surface area of cells (correct)
- They are composed of nucleotides
- They are larger than cilia
Which type of junction seals the space between cells to prevent material from passing through?
Which type of junction seals the space between cells to prevent material from passing through?
What is the function of exocytosis in cellular transport?
What is the function of exocytosis in cellular transport?
What distinguishes phagocytosis from pinocytosis?
What distinguishes phagocytosis from pinocytosis?
Which structure is found only in plant cells?
Which structure is found only in plant cells?
What is a key feature of gap junctions in cells?
What is a key feature of gap junctions in cells?
What defines an essential element for an organism?
What defines an essential element for an organism?
Which of the following correctly describes a compound?
Which of the following correctly describes a compound?
What does the atomic number of an element indicate?
What does the atomic number of an element indicate?
What function does the nucleolus serve in the cell?
What function does the nucleolus serve in the cell?
Which particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
Which particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
What is the main role of mitochondria in the cell?
What is the main role of mitochondria in the cell?
How do large molecules like glucose enter the cell?
How do large molecules like glucose enter the cell?
What is the general rule for atomic stability regarding electron shells?
What is the general rule for atomic stability regarding electron shells?
What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
Why do muscle and liver cells have a high number of mitochondria?
Why do muscle and liver cells have a high number of mitochondria?
What is an ion?
What is an ion?
What is a key characteristic of isotopes?
What is a key characteristic of isotopes?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the semi-permeable nature of the cell membrane primarily due to?
What is the semi-permeable nature of the cell membrane primarily due to?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the cytoplasm?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the cytoplasm?
What is the function of the active site in enzymes?
What is the function of the active site in enzymes?
Which of the following best describes the modern additions to cell theory?
Which of the following best describes the modern additions to cell theory?
In which order are the biological classifications arranged?
In which order are the biological classifications arranged?
Which statement correctly differentiates prokaryotes from eukaryotes?
Which statement correctly differentiates prokaryotes from eukaryotes?
Which of the following is an example of a multicellular organism?
Which of the following is an example of a multicellular organism?
What is binomial nomenclature?
What is binomial nomenclature?
Why do eukaryotic cells have organelles?
Why do eukaryotic cells have organelles?
Which of the following definitions applies to intercellular?
Which of the following definitions applies to intercellular?
What characteristic of ionic bonds makes them generally weaker than covalent bonds?
What characteristic of ionic bonds makes them generally weaker than covalent bonds?
Which type of chemical bond is formed when a hydrogen atom is attracted to a more electronegative atom?
Which type of chemical bond is formed when a hydrogen atom is attracted to a more electronegative atom?
What type of molecules includes carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleotides?
What type of molecules includes carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleotides?
What is one of the special properties of water that contributes to its unique behavior in different states of matter?
What is one of the special properties of water that contributes to its unique behavior in different states of matter?
What is the term used to describe the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of water by a specific amount?
What is the term used to describe the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of water by a specific amount?
What unique feature of water allows it to promote cohesion and adhesion?
What unique feature of water allows it to promote cohesion and adhesion?
Which of the following is NOT an example of inorganic molecules?
Which of the following is NOT an example of inorganic molecules?
What accounts for the lower density of ice compared to liquid water?
What accounts for the lower density of ice compared to liquid water?
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Study Notes
Test Information
- Test scheduled for September 26, 2024
- Content covers all lectures and self-guided learning on Blackboard
- Format includes multiple choice and short answer questions
- Worth 20% of final grade
Matter and Elements
- Matter: possesses volume and mass; can be a solid, liquid, or gas
- Elements: substances that cannot be chemically broken down further
- Essential Elements: necessary for growth, including C, H, O, N, P, S
- Trace Elements: present in minuscule amounts (<100 ppm), vital for growth
Atomic Structure
- Atom: smallest unit of an element retaining its properties
- Compound: pure substance formed by two or more elements chemically bonded
- Molecule: single unit of a compound
- Mixture: substances combined physically, not chemically bonded
Subatomic Particles
- Protons: positively charged particles in the nucleus
- Neutrons: neutral particles also found in the nucleus
- Electrons: negatively charged fundamental particles surrounding the nucleus
- Atomic Number: number of protons in an atom
- Mass Number: sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
Ions and Isotopes
- Ion: atom with an unequal number of electrons
- Isotope: atom with varying numbers of neutrons
- Radioactive Decay: process where isotopes lose neutrons over time
Electron Configuration
- Electrons occupy specific orbitals:
- 1s: 2 electrons
- 2s: 2 electrons
- 2p: 6 electrons total (2 each for x, y, z)
- 3s: 2 electrons
- 3p: 6 electrons total (2 each for x, y, z)
- Atoms are most stable with 8 electrons in their outer shell
Chemical Bonds
- Intramolecular Bonds:
- Covalent: shared electrons, can be single, double, or triple bonds
- Ionic: one atom steals an electron from another, creating charged ions
- Intermolecular Bonds:
- Hydrogen Bonds: interactions between partially charged molecules
Organic vs Inorganic Molecules
- Organic Molecules: contain C-H bonds; examples include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
- Inorganic Molecules: lack C-H bonds; typically simpler, examples include salts and metals
Properties of Water
- Most abundant compound on Earth's surface; exists in solid, liquid, and gas states
- Density of solid water is less than that of liquid water
- High specific heat capacity and heat of vaporization
- Cohesion and adhesion properties facilitate biological processes
Cell Theory Essentials
- All organisms composed of one or more cells
- Cells are basic life units; all cells arise from previous cells
- Modern additions: DNA contained within cells, uniform chemical composition
Definitions
- Binomial Nomenclature: two-term scientific naming system (Genus species)
- Eukaryotes: cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- Prokaryotes: simpler, nucleus-lacking organisms like bacteria
Cell Anatomy
- Cell Membrane: semi-permeable, composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins
- Nucleus: houses hereditary information; coordinates cellular activities through the nuclear membrane and pores
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance containing organelles; involved in endocytosis and exocytosis
- Mitochondria: ATP producers; contain their own DNA and double membranes
Cell Structures
- Ribosomes: sites for protein synthesis; can be free or bound to ER
- Endoplasmic Reticulum:
- Rough ER: synthesizes and packages proteins
- Smooth ER: lipid production and detoxification
- Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from ER
Lysosomes and Cytoskeleton
- Lysosomes: digestive organelles containing enzymes for breaking down debris
- Cytoskeleton: network of protein fibers providing structure and enabling cell movement
Microvilli, Cilia, and Flagella
- Microvilli: increase surface area; bolster cell structure
- Cilia: small, hair-like structures for movement, common in respiratory tract
- Flagella: whip-like structures; unique to certain cells in humans
Plant vs Animal Cells
- Plant cells possess cell walls, plastids, and large central vacuoles
- Plant cells include centrosomes but lack centrioles
Cell Junctions
- Tight Junctions: create impermeable barriers between cells
- Gap Junctions: facilitate rapid communication between neighboring cells
Transport Mechanisms
- Exocytosis: expelling materials from a cell
- Endocytosis: engulfing extracellular materials into vesicles
- Phagocytosis: large-scale engulfing ('eating') process
- Pinocytosis: small-scale fluid uptake ('drinking') process
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