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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of joints in the human body?
What is the primary function of joints in the human body?
- To connect bones and allow body movement (correct)
- To produce hormones for growth
- To store energy for muscle contraction
- To house blood cells and support circulation
Which of the following is a characteristic of synarthroses?
Which of the following is a characteristic of synarthroses?
- Immovable joints (correct)
- Freely movable joints
- Joint type found only in the appendicular skeleton
- Slightly movable joints
What type of joint is primarily held together by collagen fibers?
What type of joint is primarily held together by collagen fibers?
- Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial joints
- Fibrous joints (correct)
- Hinge joints
Which of the following is an example of a freely movable joint?
Which of the following is an example of a freely movable joint?
What do bursae and tendon sheaths do in synovial joints?
What do bursae and tendon sheaths do in synovial joints?
What type of joint connects the roots of teeth to their sockets?
What type of joint connects the roots of teeth to their sockets?
Which type of joint allows for limited movement and consists of cartilage?
Which type of joint allows for limited movement and consists of cartilage?
What distinguishes synovial joints from other types of joints?
What distinguishes synovial joints from other types of joints?
Which of the following accurately describes syndesmoses?
Which of the following accurately describes syndesmoses?
Which of the following is NOT a function of synovial fluid?
Which of the following is NOT a function of synovial fluid?
Bursae serve which primary function in synovial joints?
Bursae serve which primary function in synovial joints?
What is a characteristic of synchondroses joints?
What is a characteristic of synchondroses joints?
Which joint structure is responsible for producing synovial fluid?
Which joint structure is responsible for producing synovial fluid?
Which type of synovial joint allows movement along only one axis?
Which type of synovial joint allows movement along only one axis?
What type of joint is characterized by its ability to allow gliding movements?
What type of joint is characterized by its ability to allow gliding movements?
Which synovial joint type has the greatest range of motion?
Which synovial joint type has the greatest range of motion?
Which of the following is an example of a biaxial joint?
Which of the following is an example of a biaxial joint?
The atlantoaxial joint is an example of which type of synovial joint?
The atlantoaxial joint is an example of which type of synovial joint?
Which synovial joint type allows for both flexion and extension, as well as rotation?
Which synovial joint type allows for both flexion and extension, as well as rotation?
What movement occurs between the two flat bony surfaces of a plane joint?
What movement occurs between the two flat bony surfaces of a plane joint?
Which of the following joint types can be classified as uniaxial?
Which of the following joint types can be classified as uniaxial?
What causes the symptoms of osteoarthritis?
What causes the symptoms of osteoarthritis?
What is the primary difference between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis?
What is the primary difference between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis?
Which structure is typically affected and inflamed in bursitis?
Which structure is typically affected and inflamed in bursitis?
What are the characteristics of gouty arthritis?
What are the characteristics of gouty arthritis?
What is the role of pannus in rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the role of pannus in rheumatoid arthritis?
What treatment is commonly used for gouty arthritis?
What treatment is commonly used for gouty arthritis?
What is a common symptom of osteoarthritis observed during movement?
What is a common symptom of osteoarthritis observed during movement?
What is the common consequence of a dislocated joint?
What is the common consequence of a dislocated joint?
What occurs during flexion of a joint?
What occurs during flexion of a joint?
Which movement involves a bone rotating toward the midline of the body?
Which movement involves a bone rotating toward the midline of the body?
What is the term for moving a structure away from the midline of the body?
What is the term for moving a structure away from the midline of the body?
Which of the following is a special movement that cannot be classified as angular or rotational?
Which of the following is a special movement that cannot be classified as angular or rotational?
What is hyperextension?
What is hyperextension?
Which condition is characterized by inflammation and swelling of a tendon?
Which condition is characterized by inflammation and swelling of a tendon?
Which joint movement allows the foot to roll laterally?
Which joint movement allows the foot to roll laterally?
What leads to swelling in a synovial joint during cartilage damage?
What leads to swelling in a synovial joint during cartilage damage?
What is the primary characteristic of protraction in joint movement?
What is the primary characteristic of protraction in joint movement?
Which type of joint movement involves the toes pulling upward?
Which type of joint movement involves the toes pulling upward?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Joints
- Joints (articulations) are locations where bones meet.
- Functions include connecting bones and enabling body movement.
Joint Classifications
- Joints can be classified based on two criteria: structural (how bones interact) and functional (degree of movement).
Functional Classifications of Joints
- Synarthroses: immovable joints.
- Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints.
- Diarthroses: freely movable joints.
Structural Classification of Joints
- Fibrous joints: connected by collagen fibers, categorized as amphiarthroses or synarthroses.
- Types include:
- Sutures: found between skull bones (synarthrosis).
- Gomphoses: bond between tooth roots and sockets, held by the periodontal ligament (synarthrosis).
- Syndesmoses: between radius & ulna and between tibia & fibula (amphiarthrosis).
- Types include:
- Cartilaginous joints: connected by cartilage, functioning as amphiarthroses or synarthroses.
- Types include:
- Synchondroses: epiphyseal plate and rib #1 to sternum (synarthrosis).
- Symphyses: intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis (amphiarthrosis).
- Types include:
- Synovial joints: diarthrotic joints with an articular capsule, characterized by:
- Articular cartilage (hyaline) covering bony surfaces.
- Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid for lubrication and nourishment.
- Articular capsule with a fibrous outer layer and a synovial membrane.
- Reinforcing ligaments strengthen the joint.
Synovial Joint Support Structures
- Bursae: fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction.
- Tendon sheaths: encase tendons, found where soft tissues rub against hard tissues.
Types of Synovial Joints
- Plane joints: non-axial; examples include intercarpal and intervertebral joints.
- Hinge joints: uniaxial; examples include elbow and knee joints.
- Pivot joints: uniaxial; examples include proximal radioulnar joint.
- Condylar joints: biaxial; examples include metacarpophalangeal joints.
- Saddle joints: biaxial; example includes the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.
- Ball-and-socket joints: multiaxial; examples include shoulder and hip joints.
Synovial Joint Movements
- Gliding movements: sliding motion between two bones.
- Angular movements: angle changes between bones including:
- Flexion: angle decreases.
- Extension: angle increases.
- Hyperextension: angle exceeds normal limits.
- Abduction: moving away from the midline.
- Adduction: moving towards the midline.
- Circumduction: motion in a circular path.
- Rotational movements: rotation around an axis including:
- Medial Rotation: turns towards midline.
- Lateral Rotation: turns away from midline.
Special Synovial Joint Movements
- Pronation: medial rotation of the hand.
- Supination: lateral rotation of the hand.
- Plantarflexion: toes point downward.
- Dorsiflexion: toes pulled upward.
- Inversion: foot rolls medially.
- Eversion: foot rolls laterally.
- Protraction: moves structure forward.
- Retraction: moves structure backward.
- Elevation: lifts a structure up.
- Depression: lowers a structure down.
- Opposition: thumb meets another finger.
Synovial Joint Disorders
- Cartilage Tears: stabilize joints and absorb shock; damage leads to swelling and movement loss. Common in the knee (meniscus).
- Bursitis & Tendonitis: inflammation of bursae and tendons, often due to friction or injury.
- Sprains & Dislocations:
- Sprains involve stretched or torn ligaments.
- Dislocations occur when bones misalign, requiring realignment for healing.
- Arthritis:
- Osteoarthritis: most common, involves cartilage deterioration and bone spurs, often affects older adults.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis: autoimmune, leads to inflammation of synovial joint cavities and joint deformity, treated with immunosuppressants.
- Gouty Arthritis: caused by uric acid crystals; treatment includes anti-inflammatories and increased hydration.
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