BIOL 2457 Joints Review

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of joints in the human body?

To connect bones and allow body movement (correct)

To produce hormones for growth

To store energy for muscle contraction

To house blood cells and support circulation

Which of the following is a characteristic of synarthroses?

Immovable joints (correct)

Freely movable joints

Joint type found only in the appendicular skeleton

Slightly movable joints

What type of joint is primarily held together by collagen fibers?

Cartilaginous joints

Synovial joints

Fibrous joints (correct)

Hinge joints

Which of the following is an example of a freely movable joint?

Ball and socket joint Signup and view all the answers

What do bursae and tendon sheaths do in synovial joints?

Reduce friction and cushion joint structures Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint connects the roots of teeth to their sockets?

Gomphoses Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for limited movement and consists of cartilage?

Symphyses Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes synovial joints from other types of joints?

Diarthrotic movement and an articular capsule Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes syndesmoses?

Joint with flexible movement between radius and ulna Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of synovial fluid?

Minimizing joint movement Signup and view all the answers

Bursae serve which primary function in synovial joints?

Reducing friction and pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of synchondroses joints?

Often become synostoses if calcified Signup and view all the answers

Which joint structure is responsible for producing synovial fluid?

Synovial membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint allows movement along only one axis?

Hinge joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is characterized by its ability to allow gliding movements?

Plane joint Signup and view all the answers

Which synovial joint type has the greatest range of motion?

Ball-and-socket joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a biaxial joint?

Metacarpophalangeal joints Signup and view all the answers

The atlantoaxial joint is an example of which type of synovial joint?

Pivot joint Signup and view all the answers

Which synovial joint type allows for both flexion and extension, as well as rotation?

Ball-and-socket joint Signup and view all the answers

What movement occurs between the two flat bony surfaces of a plane joint?

Gliding Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joint types can be classified as uniaxial?

Hinge joint Signup and view all the answers

What causes the symptoms of osteoarthritis?

Years of joint wear and tear Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis is autoimmune, while osteoarthritis is caused by years of joint wear and tear. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is typically affected and inflamed in bursitis?

Bursa Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of gouty arthritis?

It involves the formation of uric acid crystals in the joints. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pannus in rheumatoid arthritis?

It replaces broken down cartilage with scar tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is commonly used for gouty arthritis?

Adequate water intake and anti-inflammatory medications. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of osteoarthritis observed during movement?

A crunching sound known as crepitus Signup and view all the answers

What is the common consequence of a dislocated joint?

Ligament stretch or tearing Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during flexion of a joint?

The angle between bones decreases. Signup and view all the answers

Which movement involves a bone rotating toward the midline of the body?

Medial Rotation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for moving a structure away from the midline of the body?

Abduction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a special movement that cannot be classified as angular or rotational?

Elevation Signup and view all the answers

What is hyperextension?

Extending a bone beyond the anatomical position. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by inflammation and swelling of a tendon?

Tendonitis Signup and view all the answers

Which joint movement allows the foot to roll laterally?

Eversion Signup and view all the answers

What leads to swelling in a synovial joint during cartilage damage?

Fluid accumulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of protraction in joint movement?

Movement forward. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint movement involves the toes pulling upward?

Dorsiflexion Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Joints

Joints (articulations) are locations where bones meet.
Functions include connecting bones and enabling body movement.

Joint Classifications

Joints can be classified based on two criteria: structural (how bones interact) and functional (degree of movement).

Functional Classifications of Joints

Synarthroses: immovable joints.
Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints.
Diarthroses: freely movable joints.

Structural Classification of Joints

Fibrous joints: connected by collagen fibers, categorized as amphiarthroses or synarthroses.
- Types include:
  - Sutures: found between skull bones (synarthrosis).
  - Gomphoses: bond between tooth roots and sockets, held by the periodontal ligament (synarthrosis).
  - Syndesmoses: between radius & ulna and between tibia & fibula (amphiarthrosis).
Cartilaginous joints: connected by cartilage, functioning as amphiarthroses or synarthroses.
- Types include:
  - Synchondroses: epiphyseal plate and rib #1 to sternum (synarthrosis).
  - Symphyses: intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis (amphiarthrosis).
Synovial joints: diarthrotic joints with an articular capsule, characterized by:
- Articular cartilage (hyaline) covering bony surfaces.
- Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid for lubrication and nourishment.
- Articular capsule with a fibrous outer layer and a synovial membrane.
- Reinforcing ligaments strengthen the joint.

Synovial Joint Support Structures

Bursae: fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction.
Tendon sheaths: encase tendons, found where soft tissues rub against hard tissues.

Types of Synovial Joints

Plane joints: non-axial; examples include intercarpal and intervertebral joints.
Hinge joints: uniaxial; examples include elbow and knee joints.
Pivot joints: uniaxial; examples include proximal radioulnar joint.
Condylar joints: biaxial; examples include metacarpophalangeal joints.
Saddle joints: biaxial; example includes the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.
Ball-and-socket joints: multiaxial; examples include shoulder and hip joints.

Synovial Joint Movements

Gliding movements: sliding motion between two bones.
Angular movements: angle changes between bones including:
- Flexion: angle decreases.
- Extension: angle increases.
- Hyperextension: angle exceeds normal limits.
- Abduction: moving away from the midline.
- Adduction: moving towards the midline.
- Circumduction: motion in a circular path.
Rotational movements: rotation around an axis including:
- Medial Rotation: turns towards midline.
- Lateral Rotation: turns away from midline.

Special Synovial Joint Movements

Pronation: medial rotation of the hand.
Supination: lateral rotation of the hand.
Plantarflexion: toes point downward.
Dorsiflexion: toes pulled upward.
Inversion: foot rolls medially.
Eversion: foot rolls laterally.
Protraction: moves structure forward.
Retraction: moves structure backward.
Elevation: lifts a structure up.
Depression: lowers a structure down.
Opposition: thumb meets another finger.

Synovial Joint Disorders

Cartilage Tears: stabilize joints and absorb shock; damage leads to swelling and movement loss. Common in the knee (meniscus).
Bursitis & Tendonitis: inflammation of bursae and tendons, often due to friction or injury.
Sprains & Dislocations:
- Sprains involve stretched or torn ligaments.
- Dislocations occur when bones misalign, requiring realignment for healing.
Arthritis:
- Osteoarthritis: most common, involves cartilage deterioration and bone spurs, often affects older adults.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis: autoimmune, leads to inflammation of synovial joint cavities and joint deformity, treated with immunosuppressants.
- Gouty Arthritis: caused by uric acid crystals; treatment includes anti-inflammatories and increased hydration.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers the key concepts of joints in human anatomy. Students will explain the structural and functional classifications of joints and describe specific types such as fibrous and cartilaginous joints. Prepare to test your knowledge on the structure and examples of these critical components of the skeletal system.