Questions and Answers
What is the primary relationship between Glomeromycetes and land plants?
What identifies the structure produced by Ascomycetes for spore formation?
Which of the following characteristics is a synapomorphy of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes?
What type of spores can some Ascomycetes produce asexually?
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What roles do lichens play in ecosystems?
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Which fungus is commonly associated with the production of antibiotics?
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What is a key structural feature of the Basidiomycetes reproductive body?
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What are lichens most sensitive to in their environments?
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Which characteristic is primarily associated with Stramenopiles?
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What is the primary reproductive structure in Oomycetes for asexual reproduction?
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What is a defining feature of Rhodophyta?
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Which of the following compounds is found in the cell walls of brown algae?
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Which group is known for being important primary producers, especially in marine ecosystems?
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What type of nutritional mode do most fungi utilize?
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In fungi, what structure is formed when hyphae mass together?
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What is the ecological role of Bacillariophyta (diatoms) in the ocean?
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Which of the following is true about Zygomycetes?
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What do the pigments phycobilins in Rhodophyta contribute to?
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Study Notes
Stramenopiles
- Primarily aquatic organisms with two heterokont flagella: one smooth, one with tubular hairs.
- Characteristic minute tubular hairs are the main synapomorphy.
- Major groups include Oomycota and Chromobionta.
Oomycetes (Water Molds)
- Exist as saprobes or parasites; some are responsible for serious plant diseases like downy mildew and potato blight.
- Reproduce asexually through zoosporangia which produce zoospores and sexually via oogonia producing oospores.
Chromobionta (Brown "Plants")
- Aquatic photoautotrophs varying from microscopic unicellular plankton to giant kelp up to 60 feet long.
- Important contributors to primary production in marine ecosystems, accounting for up to 50%.
- Contain chlorophyll c, and store energy as laminarin/chrysolaminarin oil.
- Characterized by fucoxanthin, giving them their brownish color.
Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
- Multicellular, predominantly marine; includes species like kelp.
- Apomorphy includes algin, a component of cell walls used in food and cosmetics.
Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
- Critical primary producers in aquatic environments, supporting marine trophic webs.
- Possess ornate silica cell walls; reduced or absent flagella.
- Source of diatomaceous earth, utilized as natural filters and abrasive agents.
Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
- Mostly multicellular, marine photoautotrophs containing chlorophyll d and phycobilins.
- Lack motile cells; cell walls composed of carrageenan and agar, commonly used in food, cosmetics, and paints.
Fungi
- Mostly multicellular and chemoheterotrophic; include saprobic, parasitic, and mutualistic forms.
- Structurally characterized by chitin-rich cell walls made up of elongated tubular cells (hyphae).
- Hyphae mass together to form mycelium, which aids in feeding through enzyme secretion for absorption of digested material.
Motile Fungi
- Include chytrids, which possess motile cells.
Non-Motile Fungi
- Categories include Zygomycetes, Glomeromycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes.
- Key traits: non-motile spores and haplontic life cycle, with haploid multicellular vegetative bodies.
Zygomycetes
- Reproduce sexually forming diploid zygosporangium from different mating strains.
- Asexual reproduction through haploid spores formed in sporangiophores; includes Rhizopus, a common bread mold.
Glomeromycetes
- Nearly all species are arbuscular mycorrhizae, forming mutualistic relationships with land plant roots for nutrient absorption.
Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
- Sister taxa characterized by septate, dikaryotic hyphae where nuclei do not fuse during sexual reproduction.
Ascomycetes
- Produce ascospores in sac-like structures called asci.
- Can form asexual spores (conidia) from conidiophores.
- Economically important examples include Saccharomyces yeast and Penicillium.
Lichens
- Symbiotic association between fungi (typically ascomycetes) and algae (often green algae).
- Serve as environmental indicators and are sensitive to pollution.
- Capable of thriving in extreme environments, contributing to soil creation on volcanic islands.
Basidiomycetes
- Comprised primarily of dikaryotic hyphae forming the fruiting body (basidiocarp).
- Following fertilization, basidia extrude haploid spores externally on peg-like structures; includes familiar mushrooms like Coprinus and Agaricus.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of multicellular organisms in Lab #3 of Biol 204L. This quiz focuses on Stramenopiles, Rhodophytes, and Fungi, delving into key characteristics, main groups, and significance in ecology. Test your knowledge on the diversity and interaction of these important organisms.
