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Questions and Answers
Which of the following characteristics is NOT shared by all living organisms?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT shared by all living organisms?
What is the process by which populations change over time due to differences in survival and reproduction?
What is the process by which populations change over time due to differences in survival and reproduction?
What is the maintenance of a stable internal environment called?
What is the maintenance of a stable internal environment called?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a level of biological organization from atoms to organisms?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a level of biological organization from atoms to organisms?
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Why is cell specialization important for multicellular organisms?
Why is cell specialization important for multicellular organisms?
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What is the role of a tissue in a multicellular organism?
What is the role of a tissue in a multicellular organism?
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What is the universal genetic code used by all living organisms?
What is the universal genetic code used by all living organisms?
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What is the main idea behind Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
What is the main idea behind Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
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What is the scientific name for the species that includes humans?
What is the scientific name for the species that includes humans?
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What is the name for a group of species that share a recent common ancestor?
What is the name for a group of species that share a recent common ancestor?
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What is the primary function of a phylogenetic tree?
What is the primary function of a phylogenetic tree?
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What are the five steps of the scientific approach, in order?
What are the five steps of the scientific approach, in order?
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What is the main reason why water molecules exhibit cohesion?
What is the main reason why water molecules exhibit cohesion?
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What is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element?
What is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element?
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What is the primary determinant of an element's chemical behavior?
What is the primary determinant of an element's chemical behavior?
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How does the addition of a strong acid affect the pH of a solution?
How does the addition of a strong acid affect the pH of a solution?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a buffer system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a buffer system?
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Which four elements make up the majority of living matter?
Which four elements make up the majority of living matter?
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What is the name for an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons?
What is the name for an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons?
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What is the function of a peptide bond in the context of proteins?
What is the function of a peptide bond in the context of proteins?
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Which of the following is an example of a functional group important to biological molecules?
Which of the following is an example of a functional group important to biological molecules?
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What is the primary type of reaction involved in the formation of a protein?
What is the primary type of reaction involved in the formation of a protein?
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Which of the following best describes the structure of a polypeptide?
Which of the following best describes the structure of a polypeptide?
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Which of these functional groups is responsible for the acidic nature of amino acids?
Which of these functional groups is responsible for the acidic nature of amino acids?
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Flashcards
Common Features of Life
Common Features of Life
All life forms share characteristics like being cellular, using energy, and evolving.
Cell Specialization
Cell Specialization
In multicellular organisms, cells differentiate to perform specific functions more efficiently.
Hierarchy of Biological Organization
Hierarchy of Biological Organization
Life is organized from atoms to organisms, showing levels of complexity.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection
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Common Ancestor
Common Ancestor
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Species Isolation
Species Isolation
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Universal Genetic Code
Universal Genetic Code
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Binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature
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Genus
Genus
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Phylogenetic tree
Phylogenetic tree
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Scientific method
Scientific method
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Element
Element
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Essential elements of life
Essential elements of life
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Mass number
Mass number
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Isotopes
Isotopes
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Cohesion
Cohesion
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Adhesion
Adhesion
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Acids
Acids
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Bases
Bases
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Buffer
Buffer
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Polypeptides
Polypeptides
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Oligopeptides
Oligopeptides
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Peptide Bonds
Peptide Bonds
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Study Notes
BIOL 1406 Exam 1 Review
- This review is not completely comprehensive, but covers the most important topics.
Concept 1.1 Living Organisms Share Similarities
- All life forms share common features
- Made of a common set of chemical compounds
- Made up of cells
- Use molecules from the environment to synthesize new molecules
- Extract energy from the environment and use it to do work
- Regulate their internal environments
- Contain genetic information to develop, function, and reproduce
- Use a universal genetic code to build proteins
- Exist in populations that evolve (change) over time
Cell Specialization in Eukaryotes
- In some eukaryotes, cells are specialized for different functions.
- Cell specialization allows multicellular organisms to get larger and be more efficient at gathering resources and adapting to specific environments.
- Similar cell types develop into tissues.
- Different tissue types develop into organs that have specific functions.
- Organs are grouped into organ systems.
- There is a hierarchy of biological organization from atoms to organisms.
Homeostasis
- Organisms must regulate their internal environment
- Maintaining a narrow range of conditions in the internal environment is called homeostasis
- Self-regulation to maintain a constant internal environment is a general attribute of all life
Concept 1.2 Genetics and Evolution Are Major Themes of Biology
- Charles Darwin proposed that all organisms are descended from a common ancestor.
- Differential survival and reproduction in a population (natural selection) accounts for much of the evolution of life.
- Isolated populations evolving differences are considered different species.
- Each species has a distinct scientific name (binomial).
- Genus: species that share a recent common ancestor.
- Phylogenetic tree illustrates evolutionary histories of different groups.
- Phylogenetic trees are built by analyzing and quantifying similarities and differences among species, including genome sequences.
Concept 1.2 continued... (Phylogenetic Trees)
- In phylogenetic trees, the common ancestor is on the left, called the root of the tree.
- Splits in branches are called nodes, and they indicate a division of one lineage into two.
- Positions of nodes on the time scale indicate speciation events.
Concept 1.3 Biologists Investigate Life through Experiments That Test Hypotheses
- Scientific approach has 5 steps:
- Make observations
- Ask questions
- Form hypotheses
- Make predictions
- Test the predictions
Concept 2.1 An Element's Atomic Structure Determines Its Properties
- Element: A fundamental substance containing only one kind of atom.
- Atomic number (number of protons) identifies an element.
- Number of protons and electrons determines how an element behaves in chemical reactions.
Essential Elements of Life
- About 25 naturally occurring elements are essential to life
- Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter (also sulfur and phosphorus)
- Most of the remaining 4% consists of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur
- Trace elements are those required by an organism in minute quantities.
Concept 2.1 continued... (Isotopes)
- Isotopes: Forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons.
- Thus, different mass numbers
- Example: carbon isotopes (12C, 13C, 14C)
Concept 2.2 Atoms Bond to Form Molecules
- Chemical bond: Attractive force that links atoms together to form molecules
- Covalent bonds: Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons such that outer shells are filled.
- Each atom contributes one member of each electron pair.
Concept 2.2 continued... (Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds)
- Nonpolar covalent bond: Electrons are shared equally (atoms have similar electronegativity).
- Polar covalent bond: One atom has greater electronegativity, so electrons are drawn more to that nucleus.
- A molecule with a polar bond has a slightly negative charge on one end and a slightly positive charge on the other.
Concept 2.3 Chemical Reactions Transform Substances
- For all chemical reactions, matter and energy are neither created nor destroyed.
- The total number of atoms of each element on the left side of an equation must equal the total number of atoms of each element on the right side (balanced equation).
Concept 2.4 The Properties of Water Are Critical to the Chemistry of Life
- Water has a high specific heat.
- Ice requires a lot of energy to melt, to break the hydrogen bonds; when water freezes, a lot of energy is released to the environment.
- Water has a high heat of vaporization.
- A lot of heat energy is required to change water from liquid to gaseous state (evaporation).
- The heat energy must be absorbed from the environment and results in cooling.
- Cohesion: Hydrogen bonds between water molecules cause them to stick together.
- Helps water move through plants.
- Results in surface tension.
- Adhesion: Attraction of water molecules to other molecules of a different type.
Acids and Bases
- Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) in water (e.g. HCI).
- Increased H+ concentration makes the solution acidic
- H+ ions attach to other molecules and change their properties.
- Bases accept H+ ions.
- Examples of strong bases: NaOH
- Examples of weak bases: bicarbonate ion (HCO3−), ammonia (NH3), and compounds with amino groups (NH2).
Buffers
- Buffers help maintain constant pH in living organisms
- A buffer is a weak acid and its corresponding base
- Example: carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3−)
Concept 3.1 Carbohydrates Are Made from Simple Sugars
- Carbohydrates: (C₆H₁₀O₅)ₙ
- Sources of stored energy
- Used to transport stored energy
- Carbon skeletons for many other molecules
- Form extracellular structures such as cell walls
- Monosaccharides bind together in condensation reactions to form glycosidic bonds to form disaccharides.
- Oligosaccharides: several monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
- Polysaccharides are large polymers of monosaccharides connected by glycosidic bonds.
- Example: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
Concept 3.4 Lipids Are Defined by Their Insolubility in Water
- Lipids are nonpolar hydrocarbons; insoluble in water.
- Weak but additive van der Waals forces hold them together in aggregates if close together.
- Types of lipids:
- Fats and oils store energy
- Phospholipids—structural role in cell membranes
- Carotenoids and chlorophylls—capture light energy in plants
- Steroids and modified fatty acids—hormones and vitamins
- Animal fat—thermal insulation
- Lipid coating around nerves provides electrical insulation
- Oil and wax on skin, fur, and feathers repel water and slows evaporation
- Fats and oils are triglycerides: three fatty acids plus glycerol.
- Fatty acid: nonpolar hydrocarbon chain with a polar carboxyl group
- Carboxyl groups bond with hydroxyls of glycerol in ester linkages (condensation reactions).
- Saturated fatty acid: no double bonds
- Unsaturated fatty acid: one or more double bonds
Concept 4.1 Nucleic Acids Are Informational Macromolecules
- Nucleic acids: Polymers specialized for storage, transmission, and use of genetic information
- DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
- RNA = ribonucleic acid
- Monomers are nucleotides: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group
- Nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds.
- Phosphate groups link the 3' carbon in one sugar to the 5' carbon in another sugar.
- Nucleic acids grow in the 5'-to-3' direction.
Concept 4.1 continued... (DNA Bases, Complementary Base Pairing)
- DNA bases:
- Purines: Adenine (A) & Guanine (G)
- Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C) & Thymine (T)
- Complementary base pairing: Purines pair with pyrimidines by hydrogen bonds (A with T, G with C).
Concept 4.1 continued... (Central Dogma)
- The "central dogma" of molecular biology describes information flow:
- Replication (DNA to DNA)
- Transcription (DNA to RNA)
- Translation (RNA to polypeptide)
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Description
Prepare for your BIOL 1406 Exam 1 with this review quiz. It covers key topics such as the common characteristics of living organisms and cell specialization in eukaryotes. Test your understanding of fundamental biological concepts to excel in your course.
