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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
Which statement about prokaryotes is accurate?
Which statement about prokaryotes is accurate?
Which macromolecule functions primarily to store and transmit genetic information?
Which macromolecule functions primarily to store and transmit genetic information?
What are the building blocks of proteins?
What are the building blocks of proteins?
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Which type of transport requires energy to move substances?
Which type of transport requires energy to move substances?
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What is the primary role of cholesterol in cell membranes?
What is the primary role of cholesterol in cell membranes?
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Which component of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?
Which component of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?
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What is the primary function of helicase during DNA replication?
What is the primary function of helicase during DNA replication?
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Which type of organism is classified as a chemotroph?
Which type of organism is classified as a chemotroph?
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What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle?
What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle?
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What is the role of ligase in DNA replication?
What is the role of ligase in DNA replication?
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What is the primary function of RNA polymerase during transcription?
What is the primary function of RNA polymerase during transcription?
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Which process produces ATP by using the high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH₂?
Which process produces ATP by using the high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH₂?
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What type of mutation is characterized by the creation of a premature stop codon?
What type of mutation is characterized by the creation of a premature stop codon?
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Which site on the ribosome is responsible for holding the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain?
Which site on the ribosome is responsible for holding the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain?
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What characterizes the leading strand during DNA replication?
What characterizes the leading strand during DNA replication?
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During transcription, which direction does RNA polymerase move on the template strand?
During transcription, which direction does RNA polymerase move on the template strand?
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In the context of the lac operon, what occurs when lactose is present?
In the context of the lac operon, what occurs when lactose is present?
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Which of the following best describes the process of splicing in eukaryotic RNA processing?
Which of the following best describes the process of splicing in eukaryotic RNA processing?
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In the lac operon, what is the role of the repressor protein?
In the lac operon, what is the role of the repressor protein?
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Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
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How do transcription factors and enhancers regulate gene expression in eukaryotic cells?
How do transcription factors and enhancers regulate gene expression in eukaryotic cells?
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What is the semiconservative model of DNA replication?
What is the semiconservative model of DNA replication?
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Study Notes
Biol 112 Exam Study Guide
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WEEK 1: The Cell
- Plasma Membrane: Separates the inside of a cell from its environment, controlling what enters and exits.
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes:
- Prokaryotes: Simple cells without a nucleus (e.g., bacteria, archaea).
- Eukaryotes: Complex cells with a nucleus and other organelles (e.g., animals, plants).
- Eukaryotes share the central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein.
- DNA Replication: A highly precise process that ensures accurate duplication of DNA. Errors can lead to mutations.
- Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
WEEK 2: Macromolecules
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Types of Macromolecules:
- Proteins: Important for structural support, enzymes, and signaling.
- Nucleic Acids: Store and transmit genetic information (DNA and RNA).
- Carbohydrates: Provide energy and contribute to structural components.
- Lipids: Store energy and form cell membranes.
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Amino Acids and Proteins
- Structure : Proteins are chains of amino acids, each with a unique R-group.
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Protein Folding:
- Primary: Amino acid sequence.
- Secondary: alpha-helices and beta-sheets.
- Tertiary: Three-dimensional structure.
- Quaternary: Multiple polypeptide chains interacting.
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Nucleic Acids:
- DNA: Double-stranded, deoxyribose sugar, bases A, T, G, C.
- RNA: Single-stranded, ribose sugar, bases A, U, G, C.
WEEK 3: Membranes and Transport
- Structure of Cell Membranes: Membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Phospholipids form a hydrophobic core and hydrophilic exterior.
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Membrane Transport: Substances move across membranes via:
- Passive transport: No energy required (diffusion, facilitated diffusion).
- Active transport: Energy required, movement against a gradient.
- Osmosis: Water movement across a membrane.
WEEK 4: Transcription and Translation
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Transcription: DNA instructions are copied into RNA.
- Steps: initiation, elongation, termination.
- Processing of eukaryotic RNA forms mature mRNA.
- Translation: RNA instructions are decoded to produce protein. Steps: initiation, elongation, termination.
WEEK 5: DNA Structure and Replication
- DNA Structure: Deoxyribonucleic acid, double helix.
- Replication: DNA is copied creating an identical double-stranded molecule. Leading and lagging strands.
- Enzymes: Helicase, DNA polymerase, ligase, primase, etc are involved in replication.
WEEK 6: Gene Regulation
- Prokaryotic Regulation (e.g., Lac Operon): Expression of genes can be controlled based on presence or absence of a molecule.
- Eukaryotic Regulation: Gene expression is controlled by factors like transcription factors and epigenetic modifications.
- PCR: Used to amplify specific DNA sequences.
Other Topics
- Cellular Respiration: The breakdown of glucose to produce ATP.
- Photosynthesis: The conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
- Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.
- Metabolism: All biochemical reactions within an organism.
- Types of organisms by energy source: Autotrophs and Heterotrophs.
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Description
Prepare effectively for your Biol 112 exam with this comprehensive study guide. It covers key topics such as cell structure, prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes, DNA replication, and the types of macromolecules vital for biological processes.
