Biol 112 Exam Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

  • Storage of genetic material
  • Separation of living material from the external environment (correct)
  • Energy production through ATP synthesis
  • Transport of nutrients across the cell wall

Which statement about prokaryotes is accurate?

  • They can be multicellular organisms.
  • They have a nucleus.
  • They are single-celled and do not have a nucleus. (correct)
  • They are generally larger than eukaryotic cells.

Which macromolecule functions primarily to store and transmit genetic information?

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids (correct)
  • Lipids

What are the building blocks of proteins?

<p>Amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport requires energy to move substances?

<p>Active transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cholesterol in cell membranes?

<p>Maintains membrane fluidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

<p>The phosphate group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of helicase during DNA replication?

<p>Unwind the double-stranded DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism is classified as a chemotroph?

<p>An organism that consumes chemical compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle?

<p>Acetyl-CoA is converted into ATP and electron carriers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ligase in DNA replication?

<p>Join Okazaki fragments together (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of RNA polymerase during transcription?

<p>To add nucleotides to the growing RNA strand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process produces ATP by using the high-energy electrons from NADH and FADHâ‚‚?

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation is characterized by the creation of a premature stop codon?

<p>Nonsense mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which site on the ribosome is responsible for holding the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain?

<p>P site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the leading strand during DNA replication?

<p>It is synthesized continuously. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During transcription, which direction does RNA polymerase move on the template strand?

<p>3′ to 5′ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the lac operon, what occurs when lactose is present?

<p>High levels of transcription occur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of splicing in eukaryotic RNA processing?

<p>It removes introns and joins exons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the lac operon, what is the role of the repressor protein?

<p>To inhibit transcription by binding to the operator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

<p>Helicase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do transcription factors and enhancers regulate gene expression in eukaryotic cells?

<p>By facilitating the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the semiconservative model of DNA replication?

<p>Each new DNA molecule consists of one original and one new strand. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plasma Membrane

The boundary layer surrounding a cell, regulating the passage of molecules in and out.

Prokaryotes

Simple, single-celled organisms without a nucleus, like bacteria. They are small and reproduce rapidly.

Eukaryotes

Organisms that have a nucleus and more complex structures. They can be single-celled or multicellular.

Central Dogma

The process of converting genetic information from DNA into RNA and then into proteins. It's the central flow of information in a cell.

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DNA Replication

The process of copying the DNA molecule to create two identical copies. Essential for cell division.

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Cell Theory

A fundamental theory in biology stating that all living things are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells arise from preexising cells.

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Macromolecules

Large, complex molecules essential for cell function. They include four main types: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

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Amino Acids

The building blocks of proteins. Each amino acid has a specific structure with a central carbon atom bound to different groups.

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Osmosis

Movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

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Transcription

Process of converting DNA into RNA using the enzyme RNA polymerase.

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Promoter

A specific DNA sequence marking the start of a gene, where RNA polymerase binds.

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RNA Splicing

The removal of non-coding regions (introns) and joining of coding regions (exons) in eukaryotic RNA.

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Translation

Process of converting messenger RNA (mRNA) into a polypeptide chain (protein).

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A Site (Aminoacyl Site)

The site on the ribosome where transfer RNA (tRNA) with its attached amino acid initially binds during translation.

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P Site (Peptidyl Site)

A site on the ribosome holding the growing polypeptide chain during translation.

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E Site (Exit Site)

The site on the ribosome where a tRNA, having released its amino acid, exits the ribosome.

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DNA Replication: Leading vs. Lagging Strand

DNA replication proceeds in opposite directions on the two strands. One strand is synthesized continuously (leading strand), while the other is made in short fragments (lagging strand)

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Helicase: Unwinding the DNA

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication, breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs

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Topoisomerase: Relieving Tension

An enzyme that relieves the tension created during DNA unwinding, preventing supercoiling

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RNA Primase: Starting Points

An enzyme that adds short RNA primers to DNA, providing starting points for DNA polymerase

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DNA Polymerase: DNA Builder

An enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands and proofreads for errors during replication

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Ligase: Joining Fragments

An enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments (short pieces of DNA on the lagging strand) into a continuous strand

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Catabolism: Energy Release

The breakdown of molecules to release energy, such as the digestion of food

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Anabolism: Energy Consumption

The building of molecules that requires energy input, such as protein synthesis

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Study Notes

Biol 112 Exam Study Guide

  • WEEK 1: The Cell
    • Plasma Membrane: Separates the inside of a cell from its environment, controlling what enters and exits.
    • Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes:
      • Prokaryotes: Simple cells without a nucleus (e.g., bacteria, archaea).
      • Eukaryotes: Complex cells with a nucleus and other organelles (e.g., animals, plants).
      • Eukaryotes share the central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein.
    • DNA Replication: A highly precise process that ensures accurate duplication of DNA. Errors can lead to mutations.
    • Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

WEEK 2: Macromolecules

  • Types of Macromolecules:
    • Proteins: Important for structural support, enzymes, and signaling.
    • Nucleic Acids: Store and transmit genetic information (DNA and RNA).
    • Carbohydrates: Provide energy and contribute to structural components.
    • Lipids: Store energy and form cell membranes.
  • Amino Acids and Proteins
    • Structure : Proteins are chains of amino acids, each with a unique R-group.
    • Protein Folding:
      • Primary: Amino acid sequence.
      • Secondary: alpha-helices and beta-sheets.
      • Tertiary: Three-dimensional structure.
      • Quaternary: Multiple polypeptide chains interacting.
  • Nucleic Acids:
    • DNA: Double-stranded, deoxyribose sugar, bases A, T, G, C.
    • RNA: Single-stranded, ribose sugar, bases A, U, G, C.

WEEK 3: Membranes and Transport

  • Structure of Cell Membranes: Membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Phospholipids form a hydrophobic core and hydrophilic exterior.
  • Membrane Transport: Substances move across membranes via:
    • Passive transport: No energy required (diffusion, facilitated diffusion).
    • Active transport: Energy required, movement against a gradient.
    • Osmosis: Water movement across a membrane.

WEEK 4: Transcription and Translation

  • Transcription: DNA instructions are copied into RNA.
    • Steps: initiation, elongation, termination.
    • Processing of eukaryotic RNA forms mature mRNA.
  • Translation: RNA instructions are decoded to produce protein. Steps: initiation, elongation, termination.

WEEK 5: DNA Structure and Replication

  • DNA Structure: Deoxyribonucleic acid, double helix.
  • Replication: DNA is copied creating an identical double-stranded molecule. Leading and lagging strands.
  • Enzymes: Helicase, DNA polymerase, ligase, primase, etc are involved in replication.

WEEK 6: Gene Regulation

  • Prokaryotic Regulation (e.g., Lac Operon): Expression of genes can be controlled based on presence or absence of a molecule.
  • Eukaryotic Regulation: Gene expression is controlled by factors like transcription factors and epigenetic modifications.
  • PCR: Used to amplify specific DNA sequences.

Other Topics

  • Cellular Respiration: The breakdown of glucose to produce ATP.
  • Photosynthesis: The conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
  • Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.
  • Metabolism: All biochemical reactions within an organism.
  • Types of organisms by energy source: Autotrophs and Heterotrophs.

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Biol 112 Exam Study Guide PDF

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Prepare effectively for your Biol 112 exam with this comprehensive study guide. It covers key topics such as cell structure, prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes, DNA replication, and the types of macromolecules vital for biological processes.

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