Biol 109: Anatomical Terms and Skeletal System

• Biol 109 Lab Practical 1 Study Guide covers anatomical terms, the microscope, cytology, histology, and skeletal system.
• The lab practical will be given on Friday, Feb 21 and will cover the information in the study guide.

Introduction to Anatomical Terms

• Describe and demonstrate the anatomical position (page 8).

• Define the directional terms (pages 9-11):

  • Superior (cranial/cephalic)
  • Inferior (caudal)
  • Anterior (ventral)
  • Posterior (dorsal)
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Proximal
  • Distal
  • Superficial (external)
  • Deep (internal)

• Describe the following regional terms (pages 12-14):

  • Abdominal
  • Antebrachial
  • Antecubital
  • Axillary
  • Brachial
  • Buccal
  • Carpal
  • Cervical
  • Crural
  • Digital
  • Femoral
  • Frontal
  • Inguinal
  • Nasal
  • Oral
  • Orbital
  • Palmar
  • Patellar
  • Pedal
  • Pelvic
  • Sternal
  • Tarsal
  • Calcaneal
  • Cephalic
  • Gluteal
  • Lumbar
  • Occipital
  • Plantar
  • Vertebral

• Identify the body cavities and name one organ found in each cavity (pages 16-17):

  • Dorsal Body Cavity:
    • Cranial cavity
    • Vertebral cavity
  • Ventral Body Cavity:
    • Thoracic cavity
      • Pleural cavities
      • Pericardial cavity
      • Mediastinum
    • Abdominopelvic cavity
      • Abdominal cavity
      • Pelvic cavity

• Identify one organ located within each abdominopelvic quadrant (page 17). - Right upper quadrant - Left upper quadrant - Right lower quadrant - Left lower quadrant

• Describe and identify the different body planes (page 23): - Sagittal plane - Midsagittal plane - Parasagittal plane - Frontal (coronal) plane - Transverse (horizontal) plane

• List one organ located in each organ system, along with a general function of each organ system (pages 25-28): - Integumentary system (skin) - Skeletal system (bones) - Muscular system (muscles) - Nervous system (brain) - Endocrine system (thyroid gland) - Cardiovascular system (heart) - Lymphatic system (lymph nodes) - Respiratory system (lungs) - Digestive system (stomach) - Urinary system (kidneys) - Reproductive system (testes, ovaries)

Introduction to the Microscope

• Identify the parts of the microscope (page 71): - Ocular lenses - Objective lenses (low, medium, high) - Stage - Stage clips - Condenser - Iris diaphragm - Lamp - Base - Arm - Coarse adjustment knob - Fine adjustment knob - Stage adjustment knob - Power switch - Light - Light control dial
• Calculate total magnification (page 72).
• Describe the proper way to transport, use, and care for the microscope (page 73).
• Answer questions 2 and 4 (Procedure 2) (page 74).

Cytology

• Identify the parts of a cell (pages 86-88): - Cell membrane - Cytoplasm (cytosol) - Nucleus - Chromosomes - Nucleolus - Nuclear envelope - Cytoskeleton - Lysosome - Centrioles - Golgi apparatus - Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Ribosome - Mitochondria - Peroxisome
• Define diffusion and discuss the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion (pages 91-92).
• Define osmosis (page 94).
• Discuss the effect of isotonic, hypotonic (pond water), and hypertonic (10% NaCl) solutions on Elodea (pages 94-96).
• Identify the stages of the cell cycle (table below), and be able to distinguish the different stages of the mitosis models (pages 98-99). - Interphase - Mitosis - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase - Cytokinesis

Histology

• Distinguish the different types of epithelial tissue (table below) (pages 117-121). - Simple squamous epithelium - Simple cuboidal epithelium - Simple columnar epithelium - Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - Stratified squamous epithelium - Transitional epithelium

• Distinguish the different types of connective tissue (pages 125-130). - Loose (areolar) CT - Adipose CT - Dense regular collagenous CT - Dense irregular CT - Hyaline cartilage - Elastic cartilage - Bone

Integumentary System

• Identify the cutaneous membrane or integument (page 149).

• Distinguish the layers of skin: epidermis and dermis, and know the tissue types of each (pages 149-150).

• Identify the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer, and know its function (page 149).

• Describe and Identify the accessory structures of skin (pages 150-152).

• Identify the layers of skin (pages 149-150). - Epidermis: - Stratum corneum - Stratum lucidum - Stratum granulosum - Stratum spinosum - Stratum basale - Dermis: - Papillary layer - Reticular layer - Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) *Not a part of skin

• Identify the accessory structures of skin (pages 150-152). - Dermal papillae - Hair shaft - Hair root - Hair follicle - Pore - Arrector pili muscle - Sebaceous gland - Merocrine (eccrine) sweat gland - Apocrine sweat gland - Meissner's (tactile) corpuscle - Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscle - Nail plate - Nail folds (proximal and lateral) - Eponychium - Lunula - Nail

Introduction to the Skeletal System

• Describe and locate the following structures of compact bone (pages 171-173). - Osteon - Central (Haversian) canal - Perforating (Volkmann's) canals - Lamellae - Lacunae - Osteocyte - Trabeculae
• Identify the following bone shapes (pages 176-177). - Long bone - Short bone - Flat bone - Irregular bone - Sesamoid bone
• Classify the following bones according to their shape (page 177). - Carpal bones - Femur - Frontal bone - Humerus - Patella - Scapula - Sphenoid - Tarsal bones - Vertebra
• Identify the following structures of a long bone (page 178). - Compact bone - Spongy bone - Marrow (medullary) cavity - Diaphysis - Epiphyses (proximal and distal)
• Distinguish between axial and appendicular skeleton (page 191).
• Identify the following bones of the skull, sutures, and other skull features (pages 192-202).

Bones of Skull

• Frontal bone (1)
• Parietal bones (2)
• Temporal bones (2) - External acoustic (auditory) meatus - Styloid process - Mastoid process - Mandibular fossa
• Occipital bone (1): Foramen magnum, Occipital condyle
• Sphenoid bone (1): Sella turcica, Optic canal
• Ethmoid bone (1): Crista galli, Cribriform plate, Perpendicular plate
• Maxillae (2) (maxillary bones)
• Palatine bones (2)
• Zygomatic bones (2)
• Lacrimal bones (2)
• Nasal bones (2)
• Vomer bone (1)
• Mandible (1)
• Skull Sutures - Sagittal suture - Coronal suture - Squamous suture - Lambdoid suture
• Other Skull Features - Hard palate - Zygomatic arch
• Hyoid Bone - Hyoid Bone
• Identify the following bones of the vertebral column, bony thorax, and other features (pages 204-208).

Bones of Vertebral Column

• Cervical vertebrae (7) (C, to c₇); Atlas (C₁), Axis (C₂) - Odontoid process (dens) - Transverse foramina
• Thoracic vertebrae (12) (t₁ to t₁₂)
• Lumbar vertebrae (5) (1₁ to 1₅)
• Sacrum
• Coccyx
• General Vertebra Features - Body - Vertebral canal - Transverse process - Spinous process - Intervertebral discs

Bones of Thoracic Cage

• THORACIC CAGE (25):
  • Sternum (1): Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid process
  • Ribs (12 pairs): True (7 pairs; pairs 1-7), False ribs (3 pairs; pairs 8-10), Floating) ribs (2 pairs; pairs 11-12)
• Identify the bones of the appendicular skeleton, their bone markings, and other features (pages 204-217).

Bones of Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

• Clavicles (2)
  • Scapulae (2): Acromion, Coracoid process, Glenoid cavity, Spine
• Arm
  • Humerus (2): Head, Greater / Lesser tubercles, Medial / Lateral epicondyles, Trochlea, Capitulum, Coronoid fossa, Olecranon fossa
• Forearm:
  • Radius (2): Radial head, Radial tuberosity, Styloid process
  • Ulna (2): Olecranon, Trochlear notch, Coronoid process, Radial notch, Styloid process
• Wrist and hand:
  • Carpals (16)
  • Metacarpals (10)
  • Phalanges (28)

Bones of Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

• Pelvic Girdle:
  • Pelvic Bones [os coxae] (2)
    • Bones:
      • Ilium: lliac crest, Greater sciatic notch
      • Ischium: Ischial tuberosity
      • Pubis: Pubic symphysis, Pubic arch
    • Bone markings:
      • Acetabulum
      • Obturator foramen
• Thigh: - Femur (2): Head, Neck, Greater / Lesser trochanters, Medial/lateral epicondyles, Media/lateral condyles
• Patella (2)
• Leg - Tibia (2): Medial / lateral condyles, Tibial tuberosity, Anterior crest / border, Medial malleolus - Fibula (2): Head, Lateral malleolus
• Ankle and Foot - Tarsals (14): Talus, Calcaneus - Metatarsals (10) - Phalanges (28): Proximal phalanx, Middle phalanx, Distal phalanx

Study guide for Biol 109 Lab Practical 1. Covers anatomical position, directional terms, regional terms, and the skeletal system. Prepare for the lab practical on Friday, Feb 21.