BIOL 1050 Lecture 1: Animal Diversity Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following accurately describes a characteristic of Eumetazoa?

They possess true tissues. (correct)

They are comprised solely of unicellular organisms.

They lack any form of symmetry.

They are exclusively marine animals.

Which of the following statements about Bilateria is correct?

All animals belong to Bilateria.

Bilateria is characterized by the presence of body cavities.

Bilateria includes three major clades. (correct)

Bilateria are exclusively terrestrial animals.

What role do homeobox genes play in animal development?

Influencing behavioral traits.

Regulating the digestive system.

Controlling patterns of body formation. (correct)

Determining reproductive strategies.

In the context of animal evolution, what does the Ediacaran fauna represent?

A period marked by the rise of complex multicellular life. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which method of reproduction is commonly found among many animal phyla?

Both sexual and asexual reproduction methods. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of symmetry is indicated by the presence of a central nervous system in most bilateral animals?

Bilateral symmetry (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mesoderm in triploblastic organisms?

Forms muscles and other organs (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about body cavities is true?

They serve various functions such as support and waste removal. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the body cavity found in larger animals, allowing organs to move independently?

Coelom (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which embryonic layer gives rise to the digestive tract in animals?

Endoderm (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the evolutionary history of animal body plans?

They may change over time or evolve independently. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does studying morphology help in understanding animal relationships?

It compares physical structures and forms. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of radial symmetry observed in some animal species?

Localized concentration of sensory organs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between protostome and deuterostome development?

The sequence of mouth and anus development (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role does hemolymph play in certain animal systems?

It functions similarly to blood in nutrient and waste transport. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is accurate regarding the evolutionary history of animals?

Sponges are considered basal animals and share a common ancestor with other animals. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which animal group primarily lacks a true body cavity?

Triploblastic compact animals (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of body plans in animal evolution?

They may evolve independently in unrelated species. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the coelom develop in protostomes?

By splitting of the mesoderm (C) Signup and view all the answers

What impact do homeobox genes have on animal evolution?

They regulate the development of body plans and structures. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about animal phylogeny is correct?

Zoologists currently recognize about three dozen phyla of extant animals. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 1: An Overview of Animal Diversity

BIOL*1050 course, lecture 1 on animal diversity
Instructor: Dr. Christine Baes, Department of Animal Biosciences
The instructor's research interests include genetics, genomics, methane emissions of livestock, and developing novel traits in livestock health, welfare, and efficiency.
Her background includes BSc (Agr) degrees from Guelph, Moscow, and Stuttgart, MSc (Animal Welfare) from Germany, and PhD (Quantitative Genetics) from Germany.
Current position: Department Chair, Professor, and Canada Research Chair in Livestock Genomics at the Department of Animal Biosciences, Dozentin at the University of Bern, Switzerland.
Learning goals for the course include helping students understand the beauty of biology, providing necessary information for success in future courses, exposing students to opportunities in animal science, assisting with a successful learning journey at the University of Guelph, and the instructor surviving the first time teaching the class.
Note-taking: The instructor recommends taking notes by hand rather than on a laptop, advocating for longhand note-taking over laptop note-taking to encourage deeper processing of information. Laptop note-takers tend to transcribe lectures verbatim, hindering learning.
Email etiquette: Students are expected to use appropriate writing and communication skills in emails, including using proper capitalization, addressing individuals appropriately (e.g., "Dr."), and using full sentences, when appropriate. Colons and semicolons are not interchangeable.
Exam material: All material covered in lectures, labs, and book chapters is relevant for exams, including spoken, written, and visual information.
Defining "animals": Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that possess tissues and have a history that spans more than half a billion years. Animals can be characterized by different "body plans," and new molecular and morphological data is shaping animal phylogeny.
- Refer to pages 725-739 of Campbell Biology for additional information.

Defining Animals

Animals are composed of groups of cells that specialize in functions.
Animals obtain energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms.
Animals are eukaryotes with a clearly defined nucleus and nuclear membranes with chromosomes.
Animal tissues develop from embryonic layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm).

Animal Development

Early animal development—zygote undergoes cleavage
Viviparous: Embryo develops inside parent, born as live offspring
Oviparous: Embryo grows in egg, with nutrition from yolk
Ovoviviparous: Egg hatches inside parent; embryo is nourished by yolk
Homeobox genes are involved in the development and control of body structure, though Hox genes tend to be conservative but produce diverse morphologies.

Animal Evolution: Neoproterozoic Era

The era spans one billion to 542 million years ago
Fossils from this era (e.g., Dickinsonia costata) mark the earliest known macroscopic animals.

Animal Evolution: Paleozoic Era

(542 to 251 million years ago)

Arthropods (invertebrate animals) first appeared on land about 450 million years ago
Vertebrates (vertebrates) appeared approximately 365 million years ago
Insects and plants influenced each other's evolution around 302 million years ago.

Animal Evolution: Mesozoic Era

(251 to 65.5 million years ago)

Animal phyla spread to new habitats.
Coral reefs formed.
Wings evolved.
Dinosaurs appeared.
The first tiny mammals appeared.

Animal Evolution: Cenozoic Era

(65.5 million years ago to the present)

A mass extinction of terrestrial and marine animals occurred.
Large, non-flying dinosaurs and marine reptiles disappeared.
Large, mammalian herbivores and predators ascended.
Global climate cooled.

Additional Concepts

"Body Plans": Animals have diversified morphologies, but they can be classified by their body plans, which are relatively few.
Symmetry: Radial symmetry (e.g., jellyfish) and bilateral symmetry (e.g., lobsters).
Tissues: Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
Body Cavities: Coelom (fluid-filled space), hemocoel (cavity between endoderm and mesoderm filled with hemolymph) and compact, no body cavities.
Protostome and Deuterostome Development: Protostomes develop mouths first, deuterostomes develop anuses first.
Animal Phylogeny: The evolutionary relationships among animals; views of the phylogeny continue to evolve.
Important surveys: Order and true/false surveys using Poll Everywhere are crucial for engagement and evaluating prior knowledge.

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Description

This quiz covers the first lecture of the BIOL*1050 course, focusing on animal diversity as presented by Dr. Christine Baes. Gain insights into the beauty of biology and explore the various opportunities in animal science through her expertise in genetics and livestock welfare.