Bioisosterism in Medicinal Chemistry

What is the main purpose of bioisosterism in medicinal chemistry?

How do classical bioisosters affect the overall topology of a molecule?

Which type of bioisosters have similar physical or chemical properties to the original functional group?

How do bioisosters contribute to modifying the activity of a lead compound?

What is the primary benefit of exchanging one bioisoster for another in medicinal chemistry?

What is a characteristic feature of classical bioisosteres?

Which of the following is an example of a monovalent classical bioisostere?

What distinguishes non-classical bioisosteres from classical bioisosteres?

In what scenarios might substituting a chloride (-Cl) group with a cyano (-C≡N) group be beneficial?

How might replacing a phenyl ring with a thiophene ring impact a molecule's pharmacokinetic properties?

Bioisosterism is a concept in __________ chemistry that refers to the relationship between two or more molecules that have similar biological activity due to their similar structures.

The purpose of exchanging one bioisoster for another is to enhance the desired biological or physical properties of a compound without making significant changes in __________ structure.

Bioisosterism is used to reduce toxicity, change bioavailability, or modify the activity of the ______ compound.

Classical bioisosters are chemical substituents or groups that have similar physical or chemical properties to the original ______ group.

By modifying certain substituents, the pharmacological activity of the chalcone and its ______ is also modified.

Monovalent atoms and groups for H include F, H OH, NH F, OH, NH, or ______ for H

Divalent atoms and groups include –C=S, –C=O, –C=NH, –C=C–, whereas trivalent atoms and groups include [–CH =, –N =], [–P =, –As =], and ______

Tetravalent atoms and groups include =N+=, =C=, =P+=, =As+=, while ring equivalents are ______

Non-classical bioisosters differ from classical bioisosters in that they do not obey the steric and electronic definition of classical isosteres and may not have the same number of atoms as a replacement, yet they aim to provide similar sterics and electronic profiles. They focus on maintaining similar sterics and electronic profiles to the original functional group. For example, a chloride (-Cl) group may often be replaced by a trifluoromethyl (-CF3) group or by a cyano (-C≡N) group. Non-classical bioisosters prioritize providing similar sterics and electronic profiles, regardless of the ______ of atoms in the replacement.

Aromatic rings can be replaced with different aromatic rings such as thiophene or naphthalene, which may improve efficacy, change specificity of binding, or reduce metabolically labile sites on the molecule, resulting in better pharmacokinetic properties. For example, a phenyl (-C6H5) ring can often be replaced by a different aromatic ring such as thiophene or naphthalene. This substitution may impact the molecule's pharmacokinetic properties by enhancing efficacy, altering binding specificity, or reducing metabolically labile sites, leading to better ______ properties.