Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic Elements in Life
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Questions and Answers

What is a major purpose of the book mentioned in the text?

  • To discuss the principles of bioinorganic chemistry in a non-technical manner
  • To provide a collection of facts about bioinorganic chemistry
  • To focus solely on the biological functions of selected metal ions
  • To extract and organize important principles from research areas in bioinorganic chemistry (correct)

    • What is a characteristic of metalloproteins that perform a catalytic function?

  • They are only found in dioxygen transport proteins
  • They are called metalloenzymes (correct)
  • They have a complex protein environment
  • They are found in all living organisms

    • What is a unique function performed by metalloproteins?

  • Regulation of gene expression
  • Cell signaling
  • Dioxygen transport (correct)
  • Protein synthesis

    • What is the name of the protein family that includes hemoglobin and myoglobin?

    <p>Hemoglobin-myoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the iron-porphyrin complex in hemoglobin and myoglobin?

    <p>To bind dioxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the dioxygen-binding site in hemoglobin and myoglobin?

    <p>It is an iron-porphyrin complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the structural changes in hemoglobin upon dioxygen binding?

    <p>To trigger subtle movements of the protein chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein that employs a pair of metal ions in the dioxygen-binding reaction?

    <p>Hemocyanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the metallic cores in dioxygen transport proteins?

    <p>They bind dioxygen without undergoing redox reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of metal ions in biology, as discussed in the text?

    <p>To perform a wide variety of specific functions associated with life processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecule depicted in Figure 1.3?

    <p>Porphyrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of organisms is dioxygen bound between two copper atoms?

    <p>Mollusks and arthropods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function performed by the pair of metal ions in hemerythrin (Hr)?

    <p>Reversible O2 binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chemical reaction is involved in the binding of O2 to the porphyrin-bound iron in hemoglobin?

    <p>Acid-base chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein that requires redox chemistry to perform a specific function, such as nitrogen fixation?

    <p>Ferredoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein that regulates the expression of genes and contains a Zn2+ ion?

    <p>Transcription factor IIIA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metal ions in transcription factor IIIA?

    <p>Structural role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cluster depicted in Figure 1.4 that contains 4Fe and 4S?

    <p>Aconitase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Fe-S clusters in proteins?

    <p>Electron transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the table that lists the redox potentials for several metal ions?

    <p>Table 1.2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metal ions in certain proteins involved in gene regulation?

    <p>Both structural and catalytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the MerR protein in metalloregulation of gene expression?

    <p>To regulate the expression of a mercury detoxification system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of metalloenzymes?

    <p>To perform catalytic functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?

    <p>Hydrolysis of CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Zn2+ ions in most DNA and RNA polymerases?

    <p>To remains to be elucidated in detail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hydrolytic enzymes?

    <p>To catalyze addition or removal of the elements of water in a substrate molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reaction catalyzed by superoxide dismutase?

    <p>Reduction of superoxide to oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of metalloenzymes in nitrogen fixation?

    <p>To catalyze the reduction of N2 to NH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metal ions in the active site of many hydrolytic enzymes?

    <p>To coordinate the Zn2+ ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of metalloregulatory systems?

    <p>To regulate the activity of a protein depending on the presence or absence of bound metal ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for preferring divalent zinc in hydrolytic enzymes over other metal ions?

    <p>It does not have any readily accessible redox states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of redox processes are catalyzed by metalloenzymes?

    <p>Two-electron redox processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the dinuclear copper active site in tyrosinase?

    <p>To catalyze the ortho-hydroxylation of phenolic substrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the molybdenum atom in sulfite oxidase?

    <p>To catalyze the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) in DNA biosynthesis?

    <p>To reduce ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of nitrate reductase in green plants?

    <p>To catalyze the reduction of nitrate to nitrite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the zinc(II) ion in liver alcohol dehydrogenase?

    <p>To catalyze the dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the dinuclear iron center in ribonucleotide reductase (RR)?

    <p>To generate the tyrosyl radical initially and regenerate it if it becomes inadvertently reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hydrogenases?

    <p>To generate or consume dihydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transformations are catalyzed by metalloenzymes in Section 1.3.c?

    <p>Multielectron pair transformations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Krebs cycle, what is the conversion catalyzed by aconitase?

    <p>Citrate to isocitrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of magnetite in magnetotactic bacteria?

    <p>As an internal compass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Ca2+ in cellular responses?

    <p>As a second messenger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of zinc fingers in proteins?

    <p>To regulate gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Mg2+ in catalytic RNA molecules?

    <p>As a cofactor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of monovalent cations like K+ in telomeres?

    <p>To stabilize the structure of telomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cisplatin?

    <p>To coordinate directly to DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an active area of investigation in bioinorganic chemistry?

    <p>Metal-ion transport and storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most thoroughly studied metal in terms of transport and storage?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the guanine tetrad in telomeres?

    <p>Non-Watson-Crick base-pairing interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytochrome c oxidase in oxygen metabolism?

    <p>To catalyze the reduction of dioxygen to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the energy released from the reduction of dioxygen is stored?

    <p>In the form of a proton electrochemical gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reaction catalyzed by the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II?

    <p>The oxidation of water to dioxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the six-electron transformation of dinitrogen to ammonia?

    <p>Nitrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique component of the iron-molybdenum protein in nitrogenase?

    <p>A cluster of molybdenum, iron, and sulfur atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the second protein in the nitrogenase system?

    <p>To transfer electrons to the iron-molybdenum protein in an ATP-dependent manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cofactor required for enzymes that catalyze 1,2 carbon shifts?

    <p>Vitamin B-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the chemistry involved in vitamin B-12-dependent reactions?

    <p>They involve the formation of free radicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonia?

    <p>Nitrite reductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the metalloenzyme involved in the nitrogen cycle?

    <p>It contains an iron-porphyrin complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of siderophores in bacterial cells?

    <p>To chelate iron ions for transport into the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transferrin in mammals?

    <p>To bind and transport iron ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many Fe3+ ions can ferritin bind?

    <p>Up to 4,500 Fe3+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metallothionein in cells?

    <p>To serve as a protective role against metal toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ancient civilizations used iron and copper for medicinal purposes?

    <p>Ancient Greeks and Hebrews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the anticancer drug depicted in Figure 1.8?

    <p>Cisplatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the technetium compound [Tc(CNR)6]+?

    <p>To image the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ceruloplasmin in mammals?

    <p>To transport copper ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of albumin in mammals?

    <p>To bind and transport metal ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the discovery of inorganic pharmaceuticals in modem medicine?

    <p>It has led to a major impact in the treatment of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Chapters 5 to 12 in the book?

    <p>Principles of bioinorganic chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organizational scheme adopted in Chapters 5 to 12?

    <p>Vectorial approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the first three chapters not intended to provide a rigorous treatment of their topics?

    <p>Many excellent texts are already available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the final chapter in the book?

    <p>To discuss future challenges in bioinorganic chemistry research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intended outcome of the principles discussed in Chapters 5 to 12?

    <p>To transcend the particular descriptive biochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chapters are devoted to the core of the book?

    <p>8 chapters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of bioinorganic chemistry?

    <p>Study of inorganic elements in biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are heavy metals like mercury and platinum used for in biology?

    <p>To study the structure of macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of introducing inorganic elements into biological systems?

    <p>To use them as probes of structure and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the current topics of investigation in bioinorganic chemistry?

    <p>The mechanism of action of platinum anticancer drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are paramagnetic metal ions used for?

    <p>In magnetic-resonance applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major components of bioinorganic chemistry?

    <p>The study of naturally occurring inorganic elements in biology and the introduction of metals into biological systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Here are the study notes for the text:

    Bioinorganic Chemistry

    • Investigates the role of inorganic elements in biological systems
    • Includes the study of metal ions and other inorganic elements in nutrition, toxicity, and biological functions

    Biological Functions of Metal Ions

    • Sodium: charge carrier; osmotic balance
    • Potassium: charge carrier; osmotic balance
    • Magnesium: structure; hydrolase; isomerase
    • Calcium: structure; trigger; charge carrier
    • Vanadium: nitrogen fixation; oxidase
    • Chromium: unknown, possible involvement in glucose tolerance
    • Manganese: photosynthesis; oxidase; structure
    • Iron: oxidase; alkyl group transfer
    • Cobalt: oxidase; hydrolase
    • Nickel: hydrogenase; hydrolase
    • Copper: structure; hydrolase
    • Zinc: structure; hydrolase; nitrogen fixation; oxidase; dioxygen transport and storage; electron transfer
    • Unidentified metal ions: possible involvement in gene expression

    Metalloproteins

    • Contain a metal ion as a prosthetic group
    • Found in all living organisms
    • Perform a wide variety of functions, including:
      • Dioxygen transport
      • Electron transfer
      • Redox reactions
      • Hydrolysis
      • Peptidase activity

    Dioxygen Transport

    • Three classes of dioxygen transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin, and hemerythrin
    • Each class has a unique metal ion at its active site: iron, copper, and iron, respectively

    Electron Transfer

    • Involves the transfer of electrons between metal centers
    • Important in respiration, photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation
    • Metal ions involved: iron, copper, and molybdenum

    Structural Roles for Metal Ions

    • Zinc fingers: structural motifs involved in DNA binding
    • Metal ions play a key role in stabilizing the structure of proteins and nucleic acids

    Metalloenzymes

    • Enzymes that contain a metal ion as a prosthetic group
    • Perform a wide variety of functions, including:
      • Hydrolytic enzymes
      • Dehydrogenases
      • Redox enzymes
      • Isomerases
      • Hydrolases
      • Peptidases

    Communication Roles for Metals in Biology

    • Magnetotactic bacteria use magnetite as an internal compass
    • Alkali and alkaline earth ions used in biology as triggers for specific cellular functions
    • Zinc fingers involved in gene regulation

    Interactions of Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids

    • Metal ions interact with DNA and RNA through electrostatic and coordination interactions

    • Examples include:

      • Stabilization of nucleic acid structures by Na+ and Mg2+ ions
      • Activation of catalytic RNA molecules by Mg2+ ions
      • Stabilization of telomeres by K+ ions
      • Coordination of metal ions to DNA as a mechanism of action for inorganic-based drugs### Multielectron Pair Redox Reactions

    • Two-electron pair reactions: examples include the reduction of dioxygen to water and the oxidation of water to dioxygen

    • Three-electron pair reactions: examples include the reduction of nitrogen to ammonia and the reduction of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide

    Bioinorganic Chemistry in Oxygen Metabolism

    • Cytochrome c oxidase, a highly complex enzyme, catalyzes the reduction of dioxygen to water
    • Energy released is stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane
    • Reverse reaction, oxidation of water to dioxygen, is catalyzed by the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II

    Metalloenzymes in Multielectron Pair Processes

    • Metalloenzymes involved in multielectron pair processes involving dioxygen, including the iron-containing enzyme catechol dioxygenase
    • Examples of metalloenzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism, including the iron-molybdenum protein of nitrogenase and nitrite reductase

    Rearrangements

    • Enzymes that catalyze 1,2 carbon shifts frequently require vitamin B-12 or one of its derivatives as a cofactor
    • Vitamin B-12 is an alkyl cobalt(III) complex of a substituted corrin

    Metal Ion Transport and Storage

    • Iron is transported by the serum protein transferrin and stored by ferritin in most life forms
    • Copper is transported by the serum protein ceruloplasmin
    • Metallothionein is a cysteine-rich protein that serves a protective role and may be involved in the control of metal transport, storage, and concentration under normal conditions

    Metals in Medicine

    • The use of metals in medicine has a long history, dating back to the ancient Greeks and Hebrews
    • Examples of inorganic pharmaceuticals include cisplatin, an anticancer drug, auranofin, an oral rheumatoid arthritis drug, and [Tc(CNR),]+, a heart imaging agent

    Organization of Bioinorganic Chemistry

    • The book is organized into three introductory chapters, followed by eight chapters that focus on the principles of bioinorganic chemistry
    • The final chapter discusses future challenges for research in bioinorganic chemistry

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    Description

    Learn about the importance of inorganic elements in biological processes and their roles in living organisms. Discover how bioinorganic chemists study these elements and their functions in vivo.

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