Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic Elements in Life
82 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a major purpose of the book mentioned in the text?

  • To discuss the principles of bioinorganic chemistry in a non-technical manner
  • To provide a collection of facts about bioinorganic chemistry
  • To focus solely on the biological functions of selected metal ions
  • To extract and organize important principles from research areas in bioinorganic chemistry (correct)

    • What is a characteristic of metalloproteins that perform a catalytic function?

  • They are only found in dioxygen transport proteins
  • They are called metalloenzymes (correct)
  • They have a complex protein environment
  • They are found in all living organisms

    • What is a unique function performed by metalloproteins?

  • Regulation of gene expression
  • Cell signaling
  • Dioxygen transport (correct)
  • Protein synthesis

    • What is the name of the protein family that includes hemoglobin and myoglobin?

    <p>Hemoglobin-myoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the iron-porphyrin complex in hemoglobin and myoglobin?

    <p>To bind dioxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the dioxygen-binding site in hemoglobin and myoglobin?

    <p>It is an iron-porphyrin complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the structural changes in hemoglobin upon dioxygen binding?

    <p>To trigger subtle movements of the protein chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein that employs a pair of metal ions in the dioxygen-binding reaction?

    <p>Hemocyanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the metallic cores in dioxygen transport proteins?

    <p>They bind dioxygen without undergoing redox reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of metal ions in biology, as discussed in the text?

    <p>To perform a wide variety of specific functions associated with life processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecule depicted in Figure 1.3?

    <p>Porphyrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of organisms is dioxygen bound between two copper atoms?

    <p>Mollusks and arthropods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function performed by the pair of metal ions in hemerythrin (Hr)?

    <p>Reversible O2 binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chemical reaction is involved in the binding of O2 to the porphyrin-bound iron in hemoglobin?

    <p>Acid-base chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein that requires redox chemistry to perform a specific function, such as nitrogen fixation?

    <p>Ferredoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein that regulates the expression of genes and contains a Zn2+ ion?

    <p>Transcription factor IIIA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metal ions in transcription factor IIIA?

    <p>Structural role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cluster depicted in Figure 1.4 that contains 4Fe and 4S?

    <p>Aconitase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Fe-S clusters in proteins?

    <p>Electron transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the table that lists the redox potentials for several metal ions?

    <p>Table 1.2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metal ions in certain proteins involved in gene regulation?

    <p>Both structural and catalytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the MerR protein in metalloregulation of gene expression?

    <p>To regulate the expression of a mercury detoxification system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of metalloenzymes?

    <p>To perform catalytic functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?

    <p>Hydrolysis of CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Zn2+ ions in most DNA and RNA polymerases?

    <p>To remains to be elucidated in detail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hydrolytic enzymes?

    <p>To catalyze addition or removal of the elements of water in a substrate molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reaction catalyzed by superoxide dismutase?

    <p>Reduction of superoxide to oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of metalloenzymes in nitrogen fixation?

    <p>To catalyze the reduction of N2 to NH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metal ions in the active site of many hydrolytic enzymes?

    <p>To coordinate the Zn2+ ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of metalloregulatory systems?

    <p>To regulate the activity of a protein depending on the presence or absence of bound metal ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for preferring divalent zinc in hydrolytic enzymes over other metal ions?

    <p>It does not have any readily accessible redox states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of redox processes are catalyzed by metalloenzymes?

    <p>Two-electron redox processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the dinuclear copper active site in tyrosinase?

    <p>To catalyze the ortho-hydroxylation of phenolic substrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the molybdenum atom in sulfite oxidase?

    <p>To catalyze the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) in DNA biosynthesis?

    <p>To reduce ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of nitrate reductase in green plants?

    <p>To catalyze the reduction of nitrate to nitrite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the zinc(II) ion in liver alcohol dehydrogenase?

    <p>To catalyze the dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the dinuclear iron center in ribonucleotide reductase (RR)?

    <p>To generate the tyrosyl radical initially and regenerate it if it becomes inadvertently reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hydrogenases?

    <p>To generate or consume dihydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transformations are catalyzed by metalloenzymes in Section 1.3.c?

    <p>Multielectron pair transformations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Krebs cycle, what is the conversion catalyzed by aconitase?

    <p>Citrate to isocitrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of magnetite in magnetotactic bacteria?

    <p>As an internal compass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Ca2+ in cellular responses?

    <p>As a second messenger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of zinc fingers in proteins?

    <p>To regulate gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Mg2+ in catalytic RNA molecules?

    <p>As a cofactor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of monovalent cations like K+ in telomeres?

    <p>To stabilize the structure of telomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cisplatin?

    <p>To coordinate directly to DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an active area of investigation in bioinorganic chemistry?

    <p>Metal-ion transport and storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most thoroughly studied metal in terms of transport and storage?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the guanine tetrad in telomeres?

    <p>Non-Watson-Crick base-pairing interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytochrome c oxidase in oxygen metabolism?

    <p>To catalyze the reduction of dioxygen to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the energy released from the reduction of dioxygen is stored?

    <p>In the form of a proton electrochemical gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reaction catalyzed by the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II?

    <p>The oxidation of water to dioxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the six-electron transformation of dinitrogen to ammonia?

    <p>Nitrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique component of the iron-molybdenum protein in nitrogenase?

    <p>A cluster of molybdenum, iron, and sulfur atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the second protein in the nitrogenase system?

    <p>To transfer electrons to the iron-molybdenum protein in an ATP-dependent manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cofactor required for enzymes that catalyze 1,2 carbon shifts?

    <p>Vitamin B-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the chemistry involved in vitamin B-12-dependent reactions?

    <p>They involve the formation of free radicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonia?

    <p>Nitrite reductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the metalloenzyme involved in the nitrogen cycle?

    <p>It contains an iron-porphyrin complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of siderophores in bacterial cells?

    <p>To chelate iron ions for transport into the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transferrin in mammals?

    <p>To bind and transport iron ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many Fe3+ ions can ferritin bind?

    <p>Up to 4,500 Fe3+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metallothionein in cells?

    <p>To serve as a protective role against metal toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ancient civilizations used iron and copper for medicinal purposes?

    <p>Ancient Greeks and Hebrews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the anticancer drug depicted in Figure 1.8?

    <p>Cisplatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the technetium compound [Tc(CNR)6]+?

    <p>To image the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ceruloplasmin in mammals?

    <p>To transport copper ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of albumin in mammals?

    <p>To bind and transport metal ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the discovery of inorganic pharmaceuticals in modem medicine?

    <p>It has led to a major impact in the treatment of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Chapters 5 to 12 in the book?

    <p>Principles of bioinorganic chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organizational scheme adopted in Chapters 5 to 12?

    <p>Vectorial approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the first three chapters not intended to provide a rigorous treatment of their topics?

    <p>Many excellent texts are already available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the final chapter in the book?

    <p>To discuss future challenges in bioinorganic chemistry research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intended outcome of the principles discussed in Chapters 5 to 12?

    <p>To transcend the particular descriptive biochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chapters are devoted to the core of the book?

    <p>8 chapters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of bioinorganic chemistry?

    <p>Study of inorganic elements in biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are heavy metals like mercury and platinum used for in biology?

    <p>To study the structure of macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of introducing inorganic elements into biological systems?

    <p>To use them as probes of structure and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the current topics of investigation in bioinorganic chemistry?

    <p>The mechanism of action of platinum anticancer drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are paramagnetic metal ions used for?

    <p>In magnetic-resonance applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major components of bioinorganic chemistry?

    <p>The study of naturally occurring inorganic elements in biology and the introduction of metals into biological systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Here are the study notes for the text:

    Bioinorganic Chemistry

    • Investigates the role of inorganic elements in biological systems
    • Includes the study of metal ions and other inorganic elements in nutrition, toxicity, and biological functions

    Biological Functions of Metal Ions

    • Sodium: charge carrier; osmotic balance
    • Potassium: charge carrier; osmotic balance
    • Magnesium: structure; hydrolase; isomerase
    • Calcium: structure; trigger; charge carrier
    • Vanadium: nitrogen fixation; oxidase
    • Chromium: unknown, possible involvement in glucose tolerance
    • Manganese: photosynthesis; oxidase; structure
    • Iron: oxidase; alkyl group transfer
    • Cobalt: oxidase; hydrolase
    • Nickel: hydrogenase; hydrolase
    • Copper: structure; hydrolase
    • Zinc: structure; hydrolase; nitrogen fixation; oxidase; dioxygen transport and storage; electron transfer
    • Unidentified metal ions: possible involvement in gene expression

    Metalloproteins

    • Contain a metal ion as a prosthetic group
    • Found in all living organisms
    • Perform a wide variety of functions, including:
      • Dioxygen transport
      • Electron transfer
      • Redox reactions
      • Hydrolysis
      • Peptidase activity

    Dioxygen Transport

    • Three classes of dioxygen transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin, and hemerythrin
    • Each class has a unique metal ion at its active site: iron, copper, and iron, respectively

    Electron Transfer

    • Involves the transfer of electrons between metal centers
    • Important in respiration, photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation
    • Metal ions involved: iron, copper, and molybdenum

    Structural Roles for Metal Ions

    • Zinc fingers: structural motifs involved in DNA binding
    • Metal ions play a key role in stabilizing the structure of proteins and nucleic acids

    Metalloenzymes

    • Enzymes that contain a metal ion as a prosthetic group
    • Perform a wide variety of functions, including:
      • Hydrolytic enzymes
      • Dehydrogenases
      • Redox enzymes
      • Isomerases
      • Hydrolases
      • Peptidases

    Communication Roles for Metals in Biology

    • Magnetotactic bacteria use magnetite as an internal compass
    • Alkali and alkaline earth ions used in biology as triggers for specific cellular functions
    • Zinc fingers involved in gene regulation

    Interactions of Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids

    • Metal ions interact with DNA and RNA through electrostatic and coordination interactions

    • Examples include:

      • Stabilization of nucleic acid structures by Na+ and Mg2+ ions
      • Activation of catalytic RNA molecules by Mg2+ ions
      • Stabilization of telomeres by K+ ions
      • Coordination of metal ions to DNA as a mechanism of action for inorganic-based drugs### Multielectron Pair Redox Reactions

    • Two-electron pair reactions: examples include the reduction of dioxygen to water and the oxidation of water to dioxygen

    • Three-electron pair reactions: examples include the reduction of nitrogen to ammonia and the reduction of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide

    Bioinorganic Chemistry in Oxygen Metabolism

    • Cytochrome c oxidase, a highly complex enzyme, catalyzes the reduction of dioxygen to water
    • Energy released is stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane
    • Reverse reaction, oxidation of water to dioxygen, is catalyzed by the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II

    Metalloenzymes in Multielectron Pair Processes

    • Metalloenzymes involved in multielectron pair processes involving dioxygen, including the iron-containing enzyme catechol dioxygenase
    • Examples of metalloenzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism, including the iron-molybdenum protein of nitrogenase and nitrite reductase

    Rearrangements

    • Enzymes that catalyze 1,2 carbon shifts frequently require vitamin B-12 or one of its derivatives as a cofactor
    • Vitamin B-12 is an alkyl cobalt(III) complex of a substituted corrin

    Metal Ion Transport and Storage

    • Iron is transported by the serum protein transferrin and stored by ferritin in most life forms
    • Copper is transported by the serum protein ceruloplasmin
    • Metallothionein is a cysteine-rich protein that serves a protective role and may be involved in the control of metal transport, storage, and concentration under normal conditions

    Metals in Medicine

    • The use of metals in medicine has a long history, dating back to the ancient Greeks and Hebrews
    • Examples of inorganic pharmaceuticals include cisplatin, an anticancer drug, auranofin, an oral rheumatoid arthritis drug, and [Tc(CNR),]+, a heart imaging agent

    Organization of Bioinorganic Chemistry

    • The book is organized into three introductory chapters, followed by eight chapters that focus on the principles of bioinorganic chemistry
    • The final chapter discusses future challenges for research in bioinorganic chemistry

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Learn about the importance of inorganic elements in biological processes and their roles in living organisms. Discover how bioinorganic chemists study these elements and their functions in vivo.

    More Like This

    Introduction to Bioinorganic Chemistry
    22 questions

    Introduction to Bioinorganic Chemistry

    DazzlingFreedom avatar
    DazzlingFreedom
    Billones Lecture Notes Bioinorganic Chemistry 1.1
    72 questions

    Billones Lecture Notes Bioinorganic Chemistry 1.1

    DazzlingFreedom avatar
    DazzlingFreedom
    Inorganic Chemistry Overview
    11 questions

    Inorganic Chemistry Overview

    SensationalLogic1627 avatar
    SensationalLogic1627
    Inorganic Chemistry Overview
    8 questions

    Inorganic Chemistry Overview

    ConsummateDialect avatar
    ConsummateDialect
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser