Bioengineering Fundamentals Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of bioengineering?

  • The study of environmental impacts on ecosystems
  • The application of engineering principles to solve biological problems (correct)
  • The design of chemical compounds for pharmaceuticals
  • The development of renewable energy resources
  • Which of the following areas is NOT mentioned as a sector benefiting from bioengineering breakthroughs?

  • Food science
  • Genome editing
  • Neuroprosthetics
  • Environmental conservation (correct)
  • What potential economic impact is suggested for bioengineering by 2040?

  • $8-10 trillion per year
  • $5-7 trillion per year
  • $1-2 trillion per year
  • $2-4 trillion per year (correct)
  • Which of the following applications is directly linked to bioengineering?

    <p>Cell therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does the central dogma of molecular biology explain?

    <p>How genetic instructions lead to cell behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary technology enabling precision medicine?

    <p>Next-generation sequencing (NGS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which year is associated with the inception of genomics-guided precision medicine?

    <p>2006-2008 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential barrier to the widespread implementation of precision medicine in clinical settings?

    <p>High costs involved in genetic testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In discussions about precision medicine, what aspect should students critically evaluate?

    <p>The reliability of online information sources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefit might individuals experience from precision medicine?

    <p>Tailored therapies based on genetic information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge is often mentioned regarding the adoption of precision medicine?

    <p>Complexity of integrating genomics into clinical practice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might precision medicine affect treatment outcomes?

    <p>By increasing the predictability of treatment responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should students discuss regarding individuals they know who have used precision medicine?

    <p>The benefits experienced and how it impacted their health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of life science?

    <p>Understanding mechanisms of living organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field applies engineering principles to solve biological problems?

    <p>Biomedical Engineering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does bioengineering primarily aim to do?

    <p>Modify biological mechanisms for practical solutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area is genome editing particularly impactful?

    <p>Food production and agriculture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of biology as a study?

    <p>Examining living organisms at a fundamental level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a role of high-throughput DNA sequencers?

    <p>Facilitate rapid DNA data collection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes biomedical engineering?

    <p>Practical application of engineering to biology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the field of bioengineering differ from life sciences?

    <p>Bioengineering emphasizes problem-solving and practical applications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the DNA in an individual's body?

    <p>DNA is inherited and is identical in all cells in an individual. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the human genome?

    <p>3 billion letters long. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of DNA sequencing is described as fast and cheap today?

    <p>Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long did it take to sequence the human genome using Sanger sequencing?

    <p>13 years and $1 billion USD. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does RNA play in relation to DNA?

    <p>RNA is derived from DNA and determines cell identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is associated with Oxford Nanopore sequencing?

    <p>Portability for field research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect should be considered when comparing sequencing methods?

    <p>Length, cost, accuracy, and scalability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequencing method is NOT specifically mentioned for discussion or comparison?

    <p>Sanger sequencing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential hindrance of the Oxford Nanopore method?

    <p>Short read lengths compared to competitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to think about the pros and cons of different sequencing methods?

    <p>To understand their different applications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which application is the portability of Oxford Nanopore particularly beneficial?

    <p>Field research in remote locations like Madagascar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT highlighted as a critical aspect of sequencing methods?

    <p>User-friendliness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attack is involved in DNA replication chemistry?

    <p>Nucleophilic attack (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sequencing depth indicate?

    <p>The average number of times each position has been sequenced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is sequencing coverage quantified?

    <p>As a percentage of the genome sequenced at a specific depth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key insight about cell-free DNA in prenatal diagnostics?

    <p>It circulates in the mother's blood and indicates fetus's genetic information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In organ transplantation, what does sequencing recipient blood for donor DNA help to predict?

    <p>The rejection of the transplanted organ. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is earlier prediction of organ transplant rejection beneficial?

    <p>It can save the organ from being destroyed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What viral relationship was studied using sequencing techniques?

    <p>The similarities between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of using sequencing in the context of prenatal diagnostics?

    <p>Analyzing fetal genetic material present in maternal blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor differs between the DNA of a transplanted organ and the recipient’s DNA?

    <p>The origin of the DNA, which comes from different individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Precision Medicine

    A medical approach using genomic information to tailor treatments to individual patients.

    Life Science

    The study of living organisms at a fundamental level, focusing on understanding mechanisms.

    Genomics

    The study of all genes in an organism and their interactions.

    Bioengineering

    Using science and engineering principles to solve biology-related problems.

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    NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing)

    Advanced technology enabling faster and cheaper sequencing of DNA.

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    Biomedical Engineering

    Applying engineering principles to medical problems.

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    NGS

    Next-Generation Sequencing, a technology for high-throughput DNA sequencing.

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    Personalized Medicine

    Tailoring medical decisions to individual patients.

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    Clinical Use of Precision Medicine

    The extent to which personalized medicine is currently implemented in medical practice.

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    Genome Editing

    Modifying DNA sequences of living organisms

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    Challenges of Precision Medicine

    Obstacles preventing wider use of personalized medicine in healthcare.

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    DNA Diagnostic

    Uses DNA to diagnose conditions or diseases

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    DNA Mutation

    Change in the sequence of DNA.

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    Critical Evaluation of Information

    Important skill to assess the validity of resources, especially online data on precision medicine or related fields.

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    Applications of Life Sciences

    The various practical uses of life science principles in areas like food, agriculture, environment, conservation, and medicine.

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    Benefits of Precision Medicine

    Positive outcomes for patients based on the customization of treatment.

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    Bioengineering Application

    Utilizing engineering principles to create and refine technologies to solve biological issues.

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    Bioengineering Impact

    Potential economic benefit of bioengineering use cases from 2030-2040, estimated at ~$2-4 trillion annually.

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    Bioengineering Sectors

    Many areas benefit from bioengineering breakthroughs, like genome-editing, cell therapy, RNA vaccines, organ transplants, and more.

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    Cell Behaviors

    A single set of genetic instructions can cause a diverse range of cell behaviors.

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    Central Dogma of Biology

    This is a fundamental principle about how information within cells flows.

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    Human Cells

    The trillions of biological units within the human body.

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    DNA & RNA

    DNA carries hereditary information, and RNA is a copy used to define each cell.

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    Genome Size

    The complete set of genetic instructions is 3 billion letters (a very large number).

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    NGS Sequencing

    Modern DNA sequencing technology that is faster and cheaper than older methods.

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    Sequencing Cost Change

    DNA sequencing was expensive and time-consuming in the past, but now is much quicker and more affordable thanks for NGS.

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    Oxford Nanopore Sequencing

    A fourth-generation sequencing method using nanopores to analyze DNA.

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    DNA Replication Chemistry

    The chemical processes involved in copying DNA.

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    DNA Replication Machinery

    The proteins and enzymes needed for DNA copying.

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    Sequencing in Madagascar

    DNA sequencing performed on wild animals and insects in Madagascar.

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    Pros and Cons of Sequencing Methods

    Advantages and disadvantages of different DNA sequencing techniques.

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    Remote Sequencing

    DNA sequencing in geographically isolated areas.

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    Fourth Generation Sequencing

    Advanced sequencing methods with efficiency and cost advantages compared to older generations.

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    Nucleophilic Attack

    A chemical reaction where an electron-rich atom attacks an electron-deficient atom.

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    Sequencing Depth

    The average number of times each base in a sequence has been sequenced.

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    Sequencing Coverage

    The percentage of a genome or target sequence that's been sequenced.

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    Cell-free DNA

    Genetic material found in blood not from a cell.

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    Organ Rejection Prediction

    Using sequencing to predict if a transplanted organ will be rejected.

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    Virus Diagnosis

    Using sequencing to identify and compare viruses, like SARS-CoV & SARS-CoV-2.

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    Sequencing Depth (in relation to genome size)

    Larger genomes require more sequencing data to achieve sufficient coverage, resulting in larger data requirements.

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    Prenatal Diagnostics

    Using cell-free DNA to diagnose fetal conditions.

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    Fast Sequencing

    Next-generation sequencing technology rapidly sequences DNA.

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