Bioengineering Fundamentals Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of bioengineering?

  • The study of environmental impacts on ecosystems
  • The application of engineering principles to solve biological problems (correct)
  • The design of chemical compounds for pharmaceuticals
  • The development of renewable energy resources

Which of the following areas is NOT mentioned as a sector benefiting from bioengineering breakthroughs?

  • Food science
  • Genome editing
  • Neuroprosthetics
  • Environmental conservation (correct)

What potential economic impact is suggested for bioengineering by 2040?

  • $8-10 trillion per year
  • $5-7 trillion per year
  • $1-2 trillion per year
  • $2-4 trillion per year (correct)

Which of the following applications is directly linked to bioengineering?

<p>Cell therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept does the central dogma of molecular biology explain?

<p>How genetic instructions lead to cell behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary technology enabling precision medicine?

<p>Next-generation sequencing (NGS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which year is associated with the inception of genomics-guided precision medicine?

<p>2006-2008 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential barrier to the widespread implementation of precision medicine in clinical settings?

<p>High costs involved in genetic testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In discussions about precision medicine, what aspect should students critically evaluate?

<p>The reliability of online information sources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit might individuals experience from precision medicine?

<p>Tailored therapies based on genetic information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is often mentioned regarding the adoption of precision medicine?

<p>Complexity of integrating genomics into clinical practice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might precision medicine affect treatment outcomes?

<p>By increasing the predictability of treatment responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should students discuss regarding individuals they know who have used precision medicine?

<p>The benefits experienced and how it impacted their health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of life science?

<p>Understanding mechanisms of living organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which field applies engineering principles to solve biological problems?

<p>Biomedical Engineering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does bioengineering primarily aim to do?

<p>Modify biological mechanisms for practical solutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area is genome editing particularly impactful?

<p>Food production and agriculture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of biology as a study?

<p>Examining living organisms at a fundamental level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a role of high-throughput DNA sequencers?

<p>Facilitate rapid DNA data collection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes biomedical engineering?

<p>Practical application of engineering to biology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the field of bioengineering differ from life sciences?

<p>Bioengineering emphasizes problem-solving and practical applications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the DNA in an individual's body?

<p>DNA is inherited and is identical in all cells in an individual. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the human genome?

<p>3 billion letters long. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of DNA sequencing is described as fast and cheap today?

<p>Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long did it take to sequence the human genome using Sanger sequencing?

<p>13 years and $1 billion USD. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does RNA play in relation to DNA?

<p>RNA is derived from DNA and determines cell identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is associated with Oxford Nanopore sequencing?

<p>Portability for field research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect should be considered when comparing sequencing methods?

<p>Length, cost, accuracy, and scalability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequencing method is NOT specifically mentioned for discussion or comparison?

<p>Sanger sequencing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential hindrance of the Oxford Nanopore method?

<p>Short read lengths compared to competitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to think about the pros and cons of different sequencing methods?

<p>To understand their different applications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which application is the portability of Oxford Nanopore particularly beneficial?

<p>Field research in remote locations like Madagascar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT highlighted as a critical aspect of sequencing methods?

<p>User-friendliness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of attack is involved in DNA replication chemistry?

<p>Nucleophilic attack (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sequencing depth indicate?

<p>The average number of times each position has been sequenced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is sequencing coverage quantified?

<p>As a percentage of the genome sequenced at a specific depth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key insight about cell-free DNA in prenatal diagnostics?

<p>It circulates in the mother's blood and indicates fetus's genetic information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In organ transplantation, what does sequencing recipient blood for donor DNA help to predict?

<p>The rejection of the transplanted organ. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is earlier prediction of organ transplant rejection beneficial?

<p>It can save the organ from being destroyed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What viral relationship was studied using sequencing techniques?

<p>The similarities between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of using sequencing in the context of prenatal diagnostics?

<p>Analyzing fetal genetic material present in maternal blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key factor differs between the DNA of a transplanted organ and the recipient’s DNA?

<p>The origin of the DNA, which comes from different individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Precision Medicine

A medical approach using genomic information to tailor treatments to individual patients.

Life Science

The study of living organisms at a fundamental level, focusing on understanding mechanisms.

Genomics

The study of all genes in an organism and their interactions.

Bioengineering

Using science and engineering principles to solve biology-related problems.

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NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing)

Advanced technology enabling faster and cheaper sequencing of DNA.

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Biomedical Engineering

Applying engineering principles to medical problems.

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NGS

Next-Generation Sequencing, a technology for high-throughput DNA sequencing.

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Personalized Medicine

Tailoring medical decisions to individual patients.

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Clinical Use of Precision Medicine

The extent to which personalized medicine is currently implemented in medical practice.

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Genome Editing

Modifying DNA sequences of living organisms

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Challenges of Precision Medicine

Obstacles preventing wider use of personalized medicine in healthcare.

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DNA Diagnostic

Uses DNA to diagnose conditions or diseases

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DNA Mutation

Change in the sequence of DNA.

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Critical Evaluation of Information

Important skill to assess the validity of resources, especially online data on precision medicine or related fields.

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Applications of Life Sciences

The various practical uses of life science principles in areas like food, agriculture, environment, conservation, and medicine.

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Benefits of Precision Medicine

Positive outcomes for patients based on the customization of treatment.

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Bioengineering Application

Utilizing engineering principles to create and refine technologies to solve biological issues.

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Bioengineering Impact

Potential economic benefit of bioengineering use cases from 2030-2040, estimated at ~$2-4 trillion annually.

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Bioengineering Sectors

Many areas benefit from bioengineering breakthroughs, like genome-editing, cell therapy, RNA vaccines, organ transplants, and more.

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Cell Behaviors

A single set of genetic instructions can cause a diverse range of cell behaviors.

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Central Dogma of Biology

This is a fundamental principle about how information within cells flows.

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Human Cells

The trillions of biological units within the human body.

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DNA & RNA

DNA carries hereditary information, and RNA is a copy used to define each cell.

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Genome Size

The complete set of genetic instructions is 3 billion letters (a very large number).

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NGS Sequencing

Modern DNA sequencing technology that is faster and cheaper than older methods.

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Sequencing Cost Change

DNA sequencing was expensive and time-consuming in the past, but now is much quicker and more affordable thanks for NGS.

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Oxford Nanopore Sequencing

A fourth-generation sequencing method using nanopores to analyze DNA.

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DNA Replication Chemistry

The chemical processes involved in copying DNA.

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DNA Replication Machinery

The proteins and enzymes needed for DNA copying.

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Sequencing in Madagascar

DNA sequencing performed on wild animals and insects in Madagascar.

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Pros and Cons of Sequencing Methods

Advantages and disadvantages of different DNA sequencing techniques.

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Remote Sequencing

DNA sequencing in geographically isolated areas.

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Fourth Generation Sequencing

Advanced sequencing methods with efficiency and cost advantages compared to older generations.

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Nucleophilic Attack

A chemical reaction where an electron-rich atom attacks an electron-deficient atom.

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Sequencing Depth

The average number of times each base in a sequence has been sequenced.

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Sequencing Coverage

The percentage of a genome or target sequence that's been sequenced.

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Cell-free DNA

Genetic material found in blood not from a cell.

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Organ Rejection Prediction

Using sequencing to predict if a transplanted organ will be rejected.

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Virus Diagnosis

Using sequencing to identify and compare viruses, like SARS-CoV & SARS-CoV-2.

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Sequencing Depth (in relation to genome size)

Larger genomes require more sequencing data to achieve sufficient coverage, resulting in larger data requirements.

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Prenatal Diagnostics

Using cell-free DNA to diagnose fetal conditions.

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Fast Sequencing

Next-generation sequencing technology rapidly sequences DNA.

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