Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does a pacemaker primarily help regulate?
What does a pacemaker primarily help regulate?
Who was the physicist that studied the effects of electrical energy on the body and contributed to early pacemaker concepts?
Who was the physicist that studied the effects of electrical energy on the body and contributed to early pacemaker concepts?
What is a common reason for temporarily implanting a pacemaker?
What is a common reason for temporarily implanting a pacemaker?
Which area of study primarily contributes to advancements in implantable devices like pacemakers?
Which area of study primarily contributes to advancements in implantable devices like pacemakers?
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What was a significant advancement in the technology of pacemakers?
What was a significant advancement in the technology of pacemakers?
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What aspect is not typically associated with pacemaker development?
What aspect is not typically associated with pacemaker development?
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Who was responsible for the implantation of the first pacemaker?
Who was responsible for the implantation of the first pacemaker?
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What biocompatible material was used to encapsulate early pacemakers?
What biocompatible material was used to encapsulate early pacemakers?
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What role did Rune Elmqvist play in the development of pacemakers?
What role did Rune Elmqvist play in the development of pacemakers?
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What condition did Arne Larsson suffer from before receiving his first pacemaker?
What condition did Arne Larsson suffer from before receiving his first pacemaker?
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What is the primary function of a pacemaker?
What is the primary function of a pacemaker?
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Which type of pacemaker carries electrical impulses to both the right atrium and right ventricle?
Which type of pacemaker carries electrical impulses to both the right atrium and right ventricle?
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Which biocompatible material is used in the construction of modern pacemakers?
Which biocompatible material is used in the construction of modern pacemakers?
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What innovative energy source is being developed for pacemakers that eliminates the need for leads?
What innovative energy source is being developed for pacemakers that eliminates the need for leads?
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What advantage do smaller batteries provide for newer pacemakers?
What advantage do smaller batteries provide for newer pacemakers?
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Which recent advancement attempts to mimic biological systems in pacemaker design?
Which recent advancement attempts to mimic biological systems in pacemaker design?
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What is the role of bioengineering in the development of pacemakers?
What is the role of bioengineering in the development of pacemakers?
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Which concept involves gene therapy to convert heart cells into pacemaker cells?
Which concept involves gene therapy to convert heart cells into pacemaker cells?
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What type of pacemaker provides cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure?
What type of pacemaker provides cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure?
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How does the concept of using the heart as a natural power source benefit pacemaker technology?
How does the concept of using the heart as a natural power source benefit pacemaker technology?
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Study Notes
Bioengineering Recent Developments
- Bioengineering recent developments were presented with slides.
- Specifics focused on pacemaker technology and vaccine delivery.
- A department at FEU Institute of Technology created these slides.
Pacemaker Technology
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Objectives:
- Discuss pacemaker history.
- Discuss pacemaker function.
- Explain recent pacemaker innovations.
The Heart
- Basic anatomy of the heart was displayed.
- Heart rate guidelines were included; rates for athletes and those with unhealthy habits were provided.
- Diagrams depicted the heart's electrical system, emphasizing nodes (sinus and atrioventricular) and Purkinje fibers.
Pacemaker History
- 1775: Danish physicist, Nickolve Abildgaard, observed electrical energy's effects on the body, culminating with reanimating a dead hen using chest electrodes.
- 1800-1802: Marie Francois Xavier Bichat and Nysten electrically stimulated the hearts of decapitated humans.
- 1855: Rudolph Alber von Kollicker discovered "action currents" in a frog's heart.
- 1872: Duchenne de Boulogne successfully resuscitated a drowned child using electrical stimulation.
- 1926: Mark Cowley Lidwill developed the concept of electrically pacing the heart.
- 1932: Albert Hyman built the first self-propelled hand-cranked artificial pacemaker, albeit unsuccessfully in many attempts.
- 1949-1950: Wilfred Bigelow and John Callaghan used hypothermia to allow cardiac surgery and discovered the re-warming challenges, eventually leading to more effective strategies. John Hopps advanced pacemaker technology.
- early 1950s: mains-powered portable pacemakers were introduced.
- Description of the first pacemaker prototype: 30 cm in length, vacuum tubes to generate pulses, powered by 60 hz household current, and transvenous catheter electrodes.
- Development of implantable pacemakers (1950s): use of Ni-Cd batteries, electronic circuits, coil recharging antenna, and encapsulation in Araldite epoxy resin (biocompatible). Early pacemakers measured 55mm in diameter and 16mm in thickness.
- 1958-2013: Progression of pacemaker technology with regards to weight and size; pacemaker miniaturization and improved materials and internal mechanisms occurred.
The 21st-Century Pacemaker
- Current pacemakers have pulse generators to regulate electrical pulse rates sent to electrodes.
- Leads deliver electrical pulses to adjust heart rate to 1 to 3 chambers.
- Pacemakers are smaller which includes a description of size and thickness, diagrams representing the pulse generator and leads.
- Pacemaker components contain titanium, nontoxic/inert materials, silicon semiconductors, metal alloys with polyurethane insulation, and appropriate safety measures for use inside the body.
Pacemaker Types
- Different types of pacemakers include single-chamber, dual-chamber, and biventricular models.
- Their functionalities are distinct, impacting how they control the heartbeat and manage heart failure.
Problems With Leads and Pockets
- Complications often arise from leads and pocket placement, such as infections and fibrous tissue formation.
- Risks include pneumothorax, lead fractures, lead thrombus formation, and stroke risks.
The Leadless Pacemaker
- The absence of leads reduces issues often associated with the leads in conventional pacemakers.
- This leadless model features minimal dimensions, an improved internal mechanism, and sophisticated materials, optimizing pacemaker functionality.
Evolution of Pacemaker Technology
- Descriptions of the progression, weight, and size changes from 1958 to 2013.
New Developments in Pacemaker Technology
- University of Texas at San Antonio engineers developed a new chip for low-power electronics.
- Improvements in battery life (increased longevity) were the outcome of the engineered chip.
- Rice University researchers built a leadless, wireless pacemaker.
Physical Models on Adaptive Heart Therapies
- Bath University in the UK developed physical models predicting neuron behavior to reverse heart failure.
- Their designs of pacemakers will potentially exhibit more accurate responses due to the mimicking of neurons.
Diamond Radio Receiver
- Harvard's School of Engineering and Applied Sciences created a design using pink diamonds offering atomic-scale radio receivers.
- The devices will potentially use radio waves to transmit electrical pulses that can empower/control pacemaker performance.
- The process also depends on green lasers to effectively guide the electrons.
Heart's Vibrational Energy
- University of Buffalo uses the heart's vibrations as a natural energy source to power pacemakers.
- Covert conversion of heart vibrations into electrical energy powers pacemakers.
Human Cells to Pacemaker Cells
- McEwen Center for Regenerative Medicine utilizes human pluripotent stem cells to establish pacemaker cells for effective electrical impulses.
- Biological pacemaker implants are developed in this area.
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute develops gene therapy converting a portion of a patient's heart cells into pacemaker cells, with genes delivered directly into the heart.
Vaccine Delivery
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Modern vaccine delivery involves mechanisms employing bioengineering and engineering principles.
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Recent vaccine development has focused on developing effective delivery systems.
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Objectives:
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Discuss vaccine mechanisms.
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Analyze bioengineering and engineering principles in vaccine research development.
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Vaccines function by training the body's immune system to fight pathogens it hasn't encountered before using antigens (pathogen molecules).
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Different vaccine types exist, including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and conjugate vaccines.
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Each type has unique mechanisms and advantages/disadvantages.
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Live attenuated vaccines use weakened forms of pathogens for exposure.
Biomimetic Micromotor Design
- Researchers developed a biomimetic micromotor for oral vaccine delivery using self-propelled motor toxoids.
- Oral deliveries to the intestinal linings are the preferred delivery method.
- The device’s design consists of a series of layers of magnesium microparticles coated with titanium-dioxide (TiO2), followed by coated toxin-containing RBC membrane, chitosan, and finally an enteric coating that can be dissolved.
- This method of delivery is designed so that the antigen payload or vaccine can be successfully delivered to the intestines.
Study Results
- The research on vaccine delivery demonstrated no effect on cell viability after three days.
- The active micro-reactor (motor toxoid) was highly present in the intestinal lining unlike other vaccine delivery systems that remain in the stomach.
- There was more anti-toxin titer produced, a greater order of magnitude in comparison to other typical vaccines.
Highlights of the Study
- Improved vaccine payload retention.
- Precise vaccine delivery to specific locations.
- Enhanced mucosal immunity response.
- Emphasis on antibodies responding in the mucous membrane versus blood circulation.
References
- Relevant publications and resources (multiple sources, not listed individually).
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Description
Explore the latest advancements in bioengineering, focusing on pacemaker technology and innovative vaccine delivery methods. This quiz covers historical milestones, the anatomy of the heart, and recent innovations in pacemaker functionality. Enhance your understanding of how these technologies impact healthcare.
