Bioenergetics and ATP Production

<p>10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate blood glucose levels for the whole body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is converted into glucose 6-phosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NADPH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize nucleotides and nucleic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2.5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FADH2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert cytoplasmic NADH to mitochondrial NADH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>36-38 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gluconeogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose 6-phosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen degradation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen is stored in a readily accessible form. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the feasibility and energy transfer of metabolic processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exergonic and spontaneous. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-3 kcal/mol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capturing electrons from NADH and FADH2 to reduce oxygen and pump H+. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as electron carriers for the electron transport chain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize ribose 5-phosphate and NADPH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the mitochondrial matrix. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To harvest high-energy electrons from carbon fuels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis and the TCA cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drives ATP synthesis by powering ATP synthase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Investment and Harvest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Electrons are passed from one complex to another, releasing energy that is used to pump protons across the membrane, creating a proton gradient.

NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that deliver electrons to the ETC. NADH enters at Complex I, while FADH2 enters at Complex II.

The ETC pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. This gradient drives the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase, a protein complex that uses the energy of proton flow to create ATP.

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway occurring in the cytoplasm that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH.

The Citric Acid Cycle (TCA cycle) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and further oxidizes pyruvate, generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

The malate-aspartate shuttle transfers electrons from NADH in the cytoplasm to NADH in the mitochondria. This process allows for continued ATP production from glycolysis.

The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle transfers electrons from NADH in the cytoplasm to FADH2 in the mitochondria. This shuttle is less efficient than the malate-aspartate shuttle, resulting in less ATP production.

Glycogen is a stored form of glucose found primarily in the liver and muscles. It serves as a readily available energy source when blood glucose levels drop.

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and glycerol. It helps maintain blood glucose levels when dietary intake is low.

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is an alternative pathway of glucose metabolism that generates NADPH (a reducing agent) and ribose-5-phosphate (a precursor for nucleotide synthesis).

The study of energy transfer and utilization within living organisms. It explains how cells obtain, store, and use energy for essential processes.

A measure of the energy change in a reaction. A negative ΔG indicates a spontaneous reaction, releasing energy (exergonic). A positive ΔG indicates a non-spontaneous reaction, requiring energy input (endergonic).

The energy currency of cells. It stores and releases energy through the breaking and forming of its phosphate bonds.

The direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, generating ATP. This occurs in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

The production of ATP using energy released from the electron transport chain. This is the main ATP production pathway in aerobic respiration.

A metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.

A metabolic pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, lactate, and glycerol. It occurs primarily in the liver.

A metabolic pathway that generates NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate, essential for nucleotide synthesis and detoxification. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.

The breakdown of glycogen, a stored form of glucose, into glucose molecules. This is the process of releasing glucose when needed.

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose molecules. This is the process of storing glucose for later use.

A series of reactions that oxidize acetyl-CoA, generating electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and precursors for biosynthesis. It occurs in the mitochondria of cells.

The process where electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through a chain of protein complexes, releasing energy to pump protons across the mitochondrial membrane. This proton gradient drives ATP synthesis.

The process of transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, ultimately generating water. This is the final step in aerobic respiration.

A metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ from NADH under anaerobic conditions. It produces lactate (lactic acid fermentation) or ethanol (alcoholic fermentation).

A metabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondria. It breaks down pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.

The process of moving pyruvate from the cytoplasm into mitochondria. This is essential for energy production in aerobic respiration.

A branched homopolysaccharide composed of α-D-glucose monomers. The main chain is linked by α-(1,4) glycosidic bonds, while branches are formed by α-(1,6) glycosidic bonds. A protein called glycogenin serves as the core of the glycogen molecule.

Glycogen stored in skeletal muscle is primarily used for the muscle's own energy needs, particularly during periods of intense activity. It allows for quick, local energy delivery to fuel muscle contractions.

Liver glycogen serves as a glucose reservoir for the whole body. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels, ensuring a steady supply of glucose for the brain and other tissues.

The process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage. It involves the activation of glucose 1-phosphate by UDP (uridine diphosphate) to form UDP-glucose, which is then added to the growing glycogen chain.

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose for energy production. It involves the cleavage of glucose 1-phosphate molecules from the ends of glycogen chains. One molecule of free glucose is also released from the branching point.

A series of metabolic reactions that convert glucose into pyruvate (or lactate) for energy production. It is the primary pathway for glucose metabolism.

A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for nucleotide biosynthesis, and NADPH, a reducing agent important for various metabolic processes.