Bioenergetics and ATP Production Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the branching structure of glycogen predominantly linked by?

  • α-(1,6) (correct)
  • α-(1,2)
  • α-(1,4)
  • β-(1,6)

Which organ uses glycogen primarily to regulate blood glucose levels for the entire body?

  • Pancreas
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Liver (correct)
  • Brain

What molecule is required for the activation of glucose-1 phosphate before it can be integrated into glycogen?

  • ADP
  • NADH
  • ATP
  • UDP (correct)

Which product is generated during the oxidative phase of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

<p>Ribose 5-Phosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of reactions occur in the non-oxidative phase of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

<p>Reversible reactions only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glycogenin in glycogen structure?

<p>It acts as a protein at the center of glycogen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many moles of free glucose can be obtained from the branching site during glycogen degradation?

<p>One mole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribose 5-phosphate produced in the non-oxidative reactions of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

<p>Nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many protons are pumped by one molecule of NADH in the electron transport chain?

<p>3 protons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle?

<p>To convert NADH into FADH2 within the mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are gained from one molecule of glucose?

<p>2 ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total potential ATP yield from one mole of glucose, including glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>36 or 38 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds can provide glucose to the blood?

<p>Glycogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

<p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which shuttle transfers cytoplasmic NADH to the mitochondria while forming FADH2?

<p>Glycerol 3-phosphate Shuttle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) in glycolysis?

<p>To catalyze the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during gluconeogenesis from pyruvate?

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate?

<p>Glycolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of bioenergetics?

<p>The transfer and utilization of energy in biologic systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a reaction with a negative ΔG value?

<p>It is spontaneous and exergonic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT a way to produce ATP?

<p>Photophosphorylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is an electron carrier in ATP synthesis?

<p>NADH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glycolysis?

<p>To produce ATP and NADH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the TCA cycle, what is the main product produced from pyruvate?

<p>Acetyl-CoA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a function of the electron transport chain?

<p>Pumping protons to create a gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the 'investment' stage of glycolysis?

<p>Energy is consumed to convert glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are produced in total from one molecule of glucose?

<p>4 ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a byproduct of fermentation when oxygen is absent?

<p>Lactate or Ethanol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is glucose primarily processed once inside the cell?

<p>Undergoes glycolysis or pentose phosphate pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the TCA cycle serve besides ATP production?

<p>Synthesis of amino acids and other biomolecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the electrons during the electron transport chain?

<p>They reduce oxygen to form water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ATP production is true?

<p>Both glycolysis and the TCA cycle contribute to ATP production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bioenergetics

The study of energy transfer and utilization in biological systems.

Free Energy Change (ΔG)

The energy change that occurs during a chemical reaction.

Exergonic

A reaction that releases energy, ΔG is negative.

Endergonic

A reaction that requires energy input, ΔG is positive.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A molecule that stores and releases energy for cellular processes.

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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

The process of producing ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

The process of producing ATP using the energy from electron transport through the electron transport chain.

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Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH.

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Gluconeogenesis

The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, like pyruvate or lactate.

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Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A metabolic pathway that produces NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate, essential for nucleotide synthesis.

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Glycogenolysis

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

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Glycogenesis

The process of synthesizing glycogen from glucose.

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Citric Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle)

A metabolic cycle that generates ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from acetyl-CoA.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A chain of protein complexes that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, generating a proton gradient that fuels ATP production.

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Chemiosmosis

The movement of protons across the mitochondrial membrane, driven by the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis.

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What is the Electron Transport Chain?

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors, creating a proton gradient. This gradient is used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

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How do NADH and FADH2 contribute to ATP synthesis?

NADH enters the ETC at Complex I, while FADH2 enters at Complex II. Each molecule's movement contributes to the proton gradient, ultimately leading to ATP production.

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How many ATP are produced by the ETC per NADH and FADH2?

One NADH molecule pumps 3 protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, generating approximately 2.5 ATP molecules. One FADH2 molecule pumps 2 protons, producing approximately 1.5 ATP.

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What is the total ATP yield from glucose oxidation?

The total ATP produced from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule is 36 or 38, depending on the shuttle used to transport cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria.

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What is gluconeogenesis?

Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids.

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What is glycogen?

Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles. It acts as a readily available source of glucose for the body.

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Describe the importance of glucose 6-phosphate.

Glucose 6-phosphate is a key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. It is involved in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

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What does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway do?

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) produces NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate, essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and reducing power in cells.

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What is the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle?

The Malate-Aspartate Shuttle is a system that transports cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria. It allows for the efficient conversion of NADH into mitochondrial NADH, contributing to ATP production.

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What is the Glycerol 3-phosphate Shuttle?

The Glycerol 3-phosphate Shuttle is another system that transports cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria. It converts NADH to FADH2, which then enters the ETC.

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How is glycogen structured?

Linear chains of glycogen are connected by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds, while branches are formed by alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds.

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What is the role of glycogenin in glycogen metabolism?

Glycogenin is a protein found at the center of glycogen granules, acting as a primer for glycogen synthesis.

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Where is glycogen stored in skeletal muscle?

Skeletal muscle stores glycogen for its own use, providing a readily available energy source during muscle contraction.

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Where is glycogen stored in the liver?

Liver glycogen serves as a glucose reservoir for the entire body, maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting periods.

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How is glucose 1-P incorporated into glycogen?

Glucose 1-P is activated by being converted to UDP-glucose before it can be added to the growing glycogen chain.

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How is glycogen broken down?

Glycogen breakdown involves the sequential removal of glucose 1-P units from the ends of glycogen chains.

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How is free glucose produced from glycogen breakdown?

Glycogen breakdown produces free glucose from branching points, which is readily available for energy.

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Study Notes

Bioenergetics

  • Bioenergetics is the transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems
  • Bioenergetics predicts if a process is possible, while kinetics measures the reaction rate
  • Enzymes cannot initiate a reaction on their own. They only speed up reactions
  • Enzymes help molecules move to their transition state
  • A reaction is spontaneous if the change in free energy (ΔG) is negative
  • Exergonic reactions release energy (ΔG is negative)
  • Endergonic reactions require energy (ΔG is positive)
  • Enzymes don't change ΔG
  • Coupling: Combining a favorable reaction with an unfavorable reaction to make the overall reaction favorable
  • ATP is a high energy molecule that provides energy for various cellular processes

ATP Production

  • Substrate-level phosphorylation: ATP is directly formed during a metabolic reaction
  • Oxidative phosphorylation: ATP is formed through the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Carbohydrate Metabolism

  • Glucose is the primary source of energy for the body.
  • Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, producing ATP and NADH.
  • Glycogenolysis: The breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
  • Glycogenesis: The synthesis of glycogen from glucose
  • Gluconeogenesis: The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
  • Pentose Phosphate Pathway: A pathway that produces NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate.
  • TCA Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): A cycle that breaks down Acetyl-CoA, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation and Electron Transport Chain (ETC): This process uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to generate a proton gradient, which powers ATP synthesis.

TCA Cycle

  • The cycle's main function is to harvest high-energy electrons from carbon fuels.
  • The cycle captures electrons as NADH and FADH2, used in ATP production.
  • The cycle also provides precursors for synthesizing various biomolecules
  • Pyruvate is transported into mitochondria to convert to Acetyl CoA before entering the cycle.

Transfer of Cytoplasmic NADH to Mitochondria

  • NADH cannot directly enter the mitochondria
  • Two shuttles exist to transport NADH from the cytoplasm:
  • Malate-Aspartate Shuttle
  • Glycerol 3-Phosphate Shuttle.
  • These shuttles generate FADH2 in the mitochondria.

Glycolysis

  • Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
  • Glycolysis generates ATP and NADH through substrate-level phosphorylation
  • Glycolysis produces various compounds for further metabolic pathways
  • Glycolysis is regulated by various steps that limit the rate of the reaction

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

  • The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Oxidative) creates NADPH and Ribose 5-Phosphate.
  • Ribose 5-phosphate is used in nucleotide synthesis
  • The pathway branches in two directions
  • Non-oxidative reactions (reversible): produces glycolysis intermediates
  • Oxidative reactions (irreversible) produces NADPH

Hormonal Regulation of Glycolysis

  • Insulin generally increases glucose uptake and glycolysis. In other words, it triggers glycolysis.
  • Glucagon generally inhibits glucose uptake and glycolysis. In other words, it inhibits glycolysis.

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Bioenergetics and Carbohydrate Metabolism PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on bioenergetics, enzyme function, and ATP production processes. This quiz covers concepts such as exergonic and endergonic reactions, enzyme kinetics, and carbohydrate metabolism. Perfect for students studying biology or biochemistry.

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