Biodiversity and Cell Structure Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a key threat to biodiversity?

Pollution

Increased speciation (correct)

Habitat loss

Overexploitation

Which of these sequences represents the correct order of taxonomic classification from broadest to narrowest?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class (correct)

Species, Genus, Family, Order

Phylum, Domain, Kingdom, Family

Class, Order, Family, Genus

What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. (correct)

Eukaryotic cells undergo binary fission.

Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.

What is the main component of a virus?

Protein coat (capsid) and genetic material (RNA or DNA) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom includes organisms characterized as extremophiles?

Archaea (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'binomial nomenclature' refer to?

The two-part naming system consisting of a genus and species (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which process is most directly associated with the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

Overuse or misuse of antibiotics (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'haploid' refer to in the context of chromosomes?

One set of chromosomes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the atria within the circulatory system?

To receive blood returning to the heart (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle is primarily dedicated to cell growth and DNA replication?

Interphase (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Mendelian genetics, what does a 'genotype' refer to?

The genetic makeup of a trait, including allele combinations (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the evolutionary significance of homologous structures?

They show a common ancestral origin despite different functions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of natural selection favors the 'average' trait over the extremes?

Stabilizing selection (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of amylase in the digestive system?

To break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars (C) Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a chromosomal abnormality where there is an extra copy of a chromosome?

Trisomy (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'convergent evolution'?

The independent development of similar traits in unrelated species (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'pre-zygotic' reproductive isolating mechanism?

A mechanism preventing the formation of a zygote (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the 'bottleneck effect' on a population's genetic diversity?

It reduces genetic diversity via a drastic reduction in population size. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What function do mitochondria serve in eukaryotic cells?

Energy production (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the lytic cycle of viral infection?

New viral particles are assembled and released by lysing the host cell. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs during meiosis that increases genetic diversity?

Crossing over (C) Signup and view all the answers

In human cells, what is the function of sex chromosomes?

Determine the biological sex (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of fungi?

They absorb nutrients from dead organisms. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between haploid and diploid cells?

Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role do ribosomes play in a cell?

Synthesis of proteins (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of mitosis involves the chromosomes lining up in the center of the cell?

Metaphase (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms primarily includes decomposers?

Fungi (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Gregor Mendel's Law of Segregation, what happens during gamete formation?

Alleles for each gene separate into different gametes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does biodiversity contribute to ecological stability?

By enabling ecosystems to recover from disturbances. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct benefit of biodiversity to humans?

Provision of food, medicine, and raw materials. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant threat to biodiversity caused by human activities?

Climate change. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about taxonomic classification is true?

Species is the most specific category in classification. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does binomial nomenclature help with in taxonomy?

Assigning a universal name to every species. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do dichotomous keys function in biology?

By offering a systematic way to identify organisms based on characteristics. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which domain includes all eukaryotic life forms?

Eukarya (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role do invasive species typically play in their new ecosystems?

They can outcompete native species for resources. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biodiversity and Classification

Importance of Biodiversity: Crucial for ecosystem stability, resilience, and human survival. Provides essential ecosystem services (food, water, medicine, pollination). Diverse ecosystems are more resilient to disturbances. Biodiversity provides resources (e.g., Rosy Periwinkle for cancer treatment). Cultures often rely on biodiversity for traditions and livelihoods.
Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat loss (urbanization, agriculture, deforestation), pollution (air, water, soil), climate change (shifts in temperature, precipitation, seasons), invasive species, and overexploitation are major threats.
Taxonomic System (DKPCOFGS): Hierarchical system of classifying organisms (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species). Organisms are categorized based on shared traits.
Binomial Nomenclature: Two-part naming system (Genus species) for organisms, e.g., Homo sapiens. The genus is capitalized, the species lowercase, both italicized or underlined.
Dichotomous Keys: Tools used to identify organisms based on their characteristics. These tools use a series of yes/no questions regarding characteristics.
Domains and Kingdoms: Three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya). Eukarya includes four kingdoms (Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia). Bacteria and Archaea each have one kingdom. Bacteria are single-celled and prokaryotic. Some are beneficial (gut bacteria) or harmful ( E. coli). Archaea are like bacteria but live in extreme environments. Protists are mostly unicellular eukaryotes; some autotrophic (algae), some heterotrophic (amoebas). Fungi are decomposers (mushrooms, yeasts, molds) and absorb nutrients from dead organisms. Plantae are multicellular autotrophs that photosynthesize. Animalia are multicellular heterotrophs with complex organ systems..

Cell Structure and Viruses

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells: Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles (like a nucleus), while prokaryotic cells lack them. The DNA in prokaryotic cells is in a region called the nucleoid. Eukaryotic are larger and more complex, prokaryotic are smaller and simpler. Examples of eukaryotic cells include animal, plant, fungal and protist. Examples of prokaryotic cells are Bacteria and Archaea.
Endosymbiosis Theory: Eukaryotic cells emerged from prokaryotic cells engulfing other cells (e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts). This theory is supported by their similar size and structure to modern-day bacteria, and their own DNA.
Viruses: Non-living entities composed of a protein coat (capsid) and genetic material (RNA or DNA).
Viral Cycles:
Lytic Cycle: Virus replicates, the host cell bursts (lyses).
Lysogenic Cycle: Viral DNA integrates into host DNA, replicates with host, can later enter lytic cycle.

Genetics

DNA Structure: DNA is a double-stranded molecule twisted into a helical shape.
Nucleotides: The building blocks of DNA, composed of a phosphate group, sugar, and a nitrogenous base. (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine).
Base Pairing: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).
Chromosomes:
Haploid vs. Diploid: Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes (gametes), diploid cells have two sets (somatic cells).
Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes: Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes; sex chromosomes determine sex (XX or XY).
Cell Division:
Cell Cycle: Interphase (growth, DNA replication) and Mitotic Phase (mitosis or meiosis).
Mitosis: Cell division for growth/repair, produces two identical diploid cells. The stages include Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.
Meiosis: Cell division for sexual reproduction, produces four non-identical haploid cells including two rounds of division (Meiosis I and Meiosis II).
Genetic Variation: Mutations and genetic recombination (crossing over during meiosis.)
Heredity: Mendel’s Laws (Segregation, Independent Assortment) explain inheritance patterns. Punnett squares.

Animal Structure and Function

Circulatory System: Blood components (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma); heart structures (atria, ventricles, valves); blood pathway; cardiac output (heart rate × stroke volume), heart sounds and blood pressure.
Respiratory System: Organs (nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, alveoli); breathing mechanisms; lung capacity; diseases (asthma, COPD). Oxygen enters the nose, passes through the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, to the alveoli.
Digestive System: Organs (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder); mechanical and chemical digestion; enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase); digestive disorders (ulcers, acid reflux).

Evolution

Darwin's Observations: Biogeography, fossils, bird collections (finches with different beak shapes).
Evidence for Evolution: Homologous vs. Analogous Structures, Embryonic Evidence, Vestigial Features, Fossil Record and DNA.
Natural Selection: Survival of the fittest based on advantageous traits.
Types of Selection: Directional, stabilizing, disruptive, sexual.
Artificial and Sexual Selection: Human or mate choice based selection.
Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect and Founder Effect.
Speciation: Reproductive isolating mechanisms (pre-zygotic and post-zygotic).
Patterns of Evolution: Adaptive radiation, divergent evolution, convergent evolution, coevolution.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of biodiversity, including its importance, threats, and classification methods. Additionally, test your knowledge on cell structure differences and the endosymbiosis theory. This quiz covers fundamental biological principles and classification systems.