Biochemistry Week 1 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What process is primarily involved in the degradation of starch into simpler sugars?

  • Condensation
  • Hydrolysis (correct)
  • Polymerization
  • Synthesis

Which of the following best describes polysaccharides?

  • Short chains of amino acids
  • Fatty acids forming triglycerides
  • Simple sugars linked by peptide bonds
  • Long chains of monomeric units linked by glycosidic bonds (correct)

In the synthesis of macromolecules, what is the main energy-requiring process called?

  • Fermentation
  • Hydrolysis
  • Catabolism
  • Anabolism (correct)

What is a common monomeric building block of polysaccharides?

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to energy during the catabolic process of breaking down macromolecules?

<p>Energy is produced (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction involves the combination of monomers to form polymers?

<p>Dehydration synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of enzymes in processes like starch hydrolysis?

<p>To catalyze reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about in vitro experiments is accurate?

<p>They can yield different results than when performed in vivo. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of D-Glucose in biological systems?

<p>Energy source and fuel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following casein proteins constitutes the largest percentage in bovine milk?

<p>αS1-casein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the isoelectric point (PI) relevant to in the context of casein isolation?

<p>The pH at which casein precipitates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to measure protein concentration based on color change?

<p>Bradford assay (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which casein protein is the least abundant in bovine milk?

<p>κ-casein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of assay uses a standard curve based on the concentration of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)?

<p>Bradford assay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In SDS-PAGE, which protein type migrates the fastest during electrophoresis based on the given molecular weights?

<p>κ-casein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of SDS in SDS-PAGE?

<p>To denature proteins and impart a negative charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process by which polymers are synthesized from monomers?

<p>Condensation reactions (B), Dehydration reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of organic compounds includes polysaccharides?

<p>Carbohydrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between monomers during the synthesis of peptides?

<p>Peptide bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process of breaking down polymers into monomers?

<p>Hydrolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a compound with more than 20 monomers?

<p>Polypeptide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is common about all monosaccharides in terms of their molecular formulas?

<p>They are usually multiples of CH2O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of macromolecule is responsible for speeding up the processes of dehydration and hydrolysis?

<p>Enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within organic compounds, which monomeric units build polysaccharides?

<p>Monosaccharides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

In vitro vs. in vivo

In vitro experiments are performed in a controlled laboratory setting, while in vivo experiments are performed within a living organism.

Macromolecules' building blocks

Macromolecules are large molecules assembled from smaller repeating units called monomers. This assembly/breakdown process requires energy.

Anabolism

The process of building larger molecules from smaller molecules, requiring energy.

Catabolism

The process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules, releasing energy.

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In vitro DNA Polymerase problem

Initial in vitro DNA Polymerase studies showed a rate too slow for in vivo DNA replication.

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Hypothesis 1 (DNA polymerase)

The wrong enzyme was discovered in the initial DNA polymerase studies.

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Hypothesis 2 (DNA polymerase)

The enzyme's activity changes when it’s studied outside the cell.

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Enzyme activity - cellular context

Enzyme function depends on the cellular environment; in vitro studies need to be interpreted cautiously, relating analysis back to an in vivo model whenever possible.

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Macromolecule Synthesis/Breakdown

Large molecules (polymers) are built from smaller units (monomers) through condensation reactions and broken down into monomers through hydrolysis reactions.

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Polymer Synthesis

Polymer synthesis is a condensation reaction that results in a loss of a water molecule. Enzymes speed up these reactions.

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Polymer Breakdown

Polymer breakdown, or hydrolysis, is a reaction in which a water molecule is added to break a polymer into its component monomers.

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Amino Acid

The monomer (building block) of proteins.

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Monosaccharide

The simplest form of carbohydrate and the monomer of polysaccharides.

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Oligosaccharide

A polymer composed 2-20 monosaccharide molecules.

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Polysaccharide

A polymer composed of more than 20 monosaccharide molecules.

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Carbohydrate formula

Carbohydrates generally have the molecular formula Cx(H2O)y, where x and y are integers.

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Glucose

A common monosaccharide (simple sugar) that serves as a primary energy source for cells.

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Casein

A major protein in bovine milk, comprising approximately 80% of the total milk protein.

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Casein types

Bovine casein is divided into four main types: αS1, αS2, β, and κ, each with varying proportions and properties.

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Casein Isolation Steps

The process includes isolating casein from milk, determining its concentration, and visualizing it using techniques like SDS-PAGE.

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SDS-PAGE

A technique used to separate proteins based on their size. SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) is used for the protein denaturation and uniform negative charge.

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Bradford Assay

A colorimetric method (color change) to measure the concentration of protein in a sample.

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Casein precipitation

Casein precipitates out of solution at its isoelectric point (pH) in presence of calcium.,

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Isoelectric Point (pI)

The pH at which a molecule carries a net zero charge.

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Study Notes

Biochemistry 1

  • Biochemistry is a subject about the chemical processes in living organisms
  • Students have different perceptions of the subject, ranging from complex to uninspiring
  • Key topics include carbohydrates (starch isolation & hydrolysis), proteins (casein isolation & characterization), and enzymes (starch isolation & hydrolysis).
  • Recommended textbooks include "Biology: A Global Approach" (12th ed.), "Organic Chemistry" (8th ed.), and "Principles of Biochemistry" (7th ed.).

Week 1

  • Lecture 1: Covers key biochemistry principles, macromolecules (monomers and polymers), carbohydrates, and the casein experiment.
  • Lecture 2: Focuses on polysaccharides.

Two Key Principles of Biochemistry

  • Principle 1: Relating in vitro (lab) experiments to in vivo (living organism) processes.
  • Principle 2: Macromolecules are constructed from monomers; synthesis requires energy (anabolism), and breakdown releases energy (catabolism).

In Vitro vs. In Vivo

  • A list of examples (with an X indicating in vitro/in vivo status) of experiments demonstrating the differences

Example Problem with In Vitro/In Vivo Relation

  • DNA polymerase discovery example: Polymerization rate in vitro too slow to explain cell's doubling time.

Two Hypotheses

  • Hypothesis 1: Researchers identified the wrong enzyme.
  • Hypothesis 2: The enzyme's activity changed in the lab setting.

Hypothesis Verification

  • The verified hypothesis was the enzyme's activity was different when outside a cell.
  • The enzyme wasn't a DNA polymerase but a DNA repair enzyme

Synthesis and Breakdown

  • Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
  • Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Protein Monomer

  • The monomer that builds proteins is amino acid.
  • Amino acids have amino groups, carboxyl groups, and variable side chains.

Peptide Synthesis

  • Peptide bonds form between amino acids through dehydration reactions

Diversity of Polymers

  • Each cell contains numerous macromolecules, varying between organisms and cell types.
  • A small set of monomers can create thousands of polymers. (e.g., proteins)

Terminology: Sugars/Peptides

  • Sugars: Monosaccharides (1), Di/Tri/Tetra Saccharides (2, 3, 4+), Oligo, Polysaccharides (2-20, >20+)
  • Peptides: Mono/Di/Tri/Tetra peptides (1, 2, 3, 4+), Oligo, Polypeptide/Protein (2-20, >20+)

Synthesis/Breakdown of Polymers

  • Polymers are created via dehydration reactions
  • Enzymes catalyze dehydration and hydrolysis (speed up the reactions)

Casein Experiment

  • 3 steps involved: isolation of casein from skimmed milk, protein concentration determination (Bradford), and casein visualization with SDS-PAGE.

Casein-isolation

  • Milk contains casein, fat, protein, lactose and water
  • Different steps were used to isolate/extract casein from milk

Casein Precipitation

  • Casein precipitation occurs when the pH of calcium caseinate reaches its isoelectric point, which is where the positive and negative charges are in balance
  • Aggregation + precipitation of the protein, causing it to become visible as a precipitate.

Agarose/SDS-PAGE

  • Techniques used to visualize and separate proteins based on their size

Bradford Assay

  • A colorimetric assay is used to measure protein concentration
  • A standard curve is used to correlate absorbance with protein concentration
  • Substances are added to the test tube to measure light absorption at a specific wavelength

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Biochemistry 1 Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Test your understanding of the key concepts in biochemistry covered in the first week. This quiz focuses on the principles of biochemistry, macromolecules, and the relevant experiments discussed in lectures. Dive deep into carbohydrates, proteins, and enzymes to see how well you grasp these foundational topics.

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