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Questions and Answers
What process is primarily involved in the degradation of starch into simpler sugars?
What process is primarily involved in the degradation of starch into simpler sugars?
Which of the following best describes polysaccharides?
Which of the following best describes polysaccharides?
In the synthesis of macromolecules, what is the main energy-requiring process called?
In the synthesis of macromolecules, what is the main energy-requiring process called?
What is a common monomeric building block of polysaccharides?
What is a common monomeric building block of polysaccharides?
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What happens to energy during the catabolic process of breaking down macromolecules?
What happens to energy during the catabolic process of breaking down macromolecules?
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Which type of reaction involves the combination of monomers to form polymers?
Which type of reaction involves the combination of monomers to form polymers?
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What is the primary role of enzymes in processes like starch hydrolysis?
What is the primary role of enzymes in processes like starch hydrolysis?
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Which statement about in vitro experiments is accurate?
Which statement about in vitro experiments is accurate?
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What is the primary function of D-Glucose in biological systems?
What is the primary function of D-Glucose in biological systems?
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Which of the following casein proteins constitutes the largest percentage in bovine milk?
Which of the following casein proteins constitutes the largest percentage in bovine milk?
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What is the isoelectric point (PI) relevant to in the context of casein isolation?
What is the isoelectric point (PI) relevant to in the context of casein isolation?
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Which method is used to measure protein concentration based on color change?
Which method is used to measure protein concentration based on color change?
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Which casein protein is the least abundant in bovine milk?
Which casein protein is the least abundant in bovine milk?
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What type of assay uses a standard curve based on the concentration of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)?
What type of assay uses a standard curve based on the concentration of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)?
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In SDS-PAGE, which protein type migrates the fastest during electrophoresis based on the given molecular weights?
In SDS-PAGE, which protein type migrates the fastest during electrophoresis based on the given molecular weights?
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What is the purpose of SDS in SDS-PAGE?
What is the purpose of SDS in SDS-PAGE?
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What is the primary process by which polymers are synthesized from monomers?
What is the primary process by which polymers are synthesized from monomers?
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Which class of organic compounds includes polysaccharides?
Which class of organic compounds includes polysaccharides?
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What type of bond is formed between monomers during the synthesis of peptides?
What type of bond is formed between monomers during the synthesis of peptides?
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What term describes the process of breaking down polymers into monomers?
What term describes the process of breaking down polymers into monomers?
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Which of the following describes a compound with more than 20 monomers?
Which of the following describes a compound with more than 20 monomers?
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What is common about all monosaccharides in terms of their molecular formulas?
What is common about all monosaccharides in terms of their molecular formulas?
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Which type of macromolecule is responsible for speeding up the processes of dehydration and hydrolysis?
Which type of macromolecule is responsible for speeding up the processes of dehydration and hydrolysis?
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Within organic compounds, which monomeric units build polysaccharides?
Within organic compounds, which monomeric units build polysaccharides?
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Study Notes
Biochemistry 1
- Biochemistry is a subject about the chemical processes in living organisms
- Students have different perceptions of the subject, ranging from complex to uninspiring
- Key topics include carbohydrates (starch isolation & hydrolysis), proteins (casein isolation & characterization), and enzymes (starch isolation & hydrolysis).
- Recommended textbooks include "Biology: A Global Approach" (12th ed.), "Organic Chemistry" (8th ed.), and "Principles of Biochemistry" (7th ed.).
Week 1
- Lecture 1: Covers key biochemistry principles, macromolecules (monomers and polymers), carbohydrates, and the casein experiment.
- Lecture 2: Focuses on polysaccharides.
Two Key Principles of Biochemistry
- Principle 1: Relating in vitro (lab) experiments to in vivo (living organism) processes.
- Principle 2: Macromolecules are constructed from monomers; synthesis requires energy (anabolism), and breakdown releases energy (catabolism).
In Vitro vs. In Vivo
- A list of examples (with an X indicating in vitro/in vivo status) of experiments demonstrating the differences
Example Problem with In Vitro/In Vivo Relation
- DNA polymerase discovery example: Polymerization rate in vitro too slow to explain cell's doubling time.
Two Hypotheses
- Hypothesis 1: Researchers identified the wrong enzyme.
- Hypothesis 2: The enzyme's activity changed in the lab setting.
Hypothesis Verification
- The verified hypothesis was the enzyme's activity was different when outside a cell.
- The enzyme wasn't a DNA polymerase but a DNA repair enzyme
Synthesis and Breakdown
- Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Protein Monomer
- The monomer that builds proteins is amino acid.
- Amino acids have amino groups, carboxyl groups, and variable side chains.
Peptide Synthesis
- Peptide bonds form between amino acids through dehydration reactions
Diversity of Polymers
- Each cell contains numerous macromolecules, varying between organisms and cell types.
- A small set of monomers can create thousands of polymers. (e.g., proteins)
Terminology: Sugars/Peptides
- Sugars: Monosaccharides (1), Di/Tri/Tetra Saccharides (2, 3, 4+), Oligo, Polysaccharides (2-20, >20+)
- Peptides: Mono/Di/Tri/Tetra peptides (1, 2, 3, 4+), Oligo, Polypeptide/Protein (2-20, >20+)
Synthesis/Breakdown of Polymers
- Polymers are created via dehydration reactions
- Enzymes catalyze dehydration and hydrolysis (speed up the reactions)
Casein Experiment
- 3 steps involved: isolation of casein from skimmed milk, protein concentration determination (Bradford), and casein visualization with SDS-PAGE.
Casein-isolation
- Milk contains casein, fat, protein, lactose and water
- Different steps were used to isolate/extract casein from milk
Casein Precipitation
- Casein precipitation occurs when the pH of calcium caseinate reaches its isoelectric point, which is where the positive and negative charges are in balance
- Aggregation + precipitation of the protein, causing it to become visible as a precipitate.
Agarose/SDS-PAGE
- Techniques used to visualize and separate proteins based on their size
Bradford Assay
- A colorimetric assay is used to measure protein concentration
- A standard curve is used to correlate absorbance with protein concentration
- Substances are added to the test tube to measure light absorption at a specific wavelength
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Description
Test your understanding of the key concepts in biochemistry covered in the first week. This quiz focuses on the principles of biochemistry, macromolecules, and the relevant experiments discussed in lectures. Dive deep into carbohydrates, proteins, and enzymes to see how well you grasp these foundational topics.
