Biochemistry Syllabus Quiz

Precursor for glutamate synthesis, important for producing non-essential amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines.

A crucial intermediate in the citric acid cycle; precursor for aspartate and glutamate synthesis, vital for non-essential amino acid, purine, and pyrimidine production.

Reactions replenishing citric acid cycle intermediates.

A central metabolic pathway where Acetyl CoA is oxidized and energy extracted.

Enzyme converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate using ATP.

Used in the synthesis of porphyrins and heme.

Transported to the cytosol, providing acetyl CoA for fatty acid and sterol biosynthesis.

A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, generating a proton gradient used to produce ATP.

The process of ATP synthesis using the proton gradient created by the ETC.

Direct transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy substrate to ADP to produce ATP.

Ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase; protein complex in ETC, transferring electrons between ubiquinol and cytochrome c.

Molecules that bind to components of the ETC, blocking electron transport and ATP synthesis.

The theory explaining ATP synthesis. The ETC creates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase to produce ATP (using energy from the flow of protons).

Molecules like phosphoenolpyruvate, bisphosphoglycerate, and succinyl CoA that store energy for ATP synthesis.

The process of generating ATP from the energy released by the oxidation of reduced electron carriers, such as NADH and FADH2.

The theory explaining ATP synthesis linked to the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen.

Direct transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound to ADP, forming ATP.

Specific points in the ETC where energy released during electron transfer is used to pump protons across the membrane.

Molecules that can block the flow of electrons in the ETC, interfering with ATP synthesis.

Molecules that disrupt the proton gradient, preventing ATP synthesis.

Inner mitochondrial membrane.

NADH typically yields 3 ATP per molecule.

FADH2 typically yields 2 ATP per molecule.

Brown adipose tissue generates heat (thermogenesis) for maintaining body temperature, especially important in newborns and hibernating animals

Brown adipose tissue has abundant mitochondria; important for generating heat from energy.

A condition where the body's production of reactive molecules (like free radicals) exceeds its ability to protect against them, causing damage

A molecule with an unpaired electron, highly reactive, and short-lived.

Free radicals are highly reactive, can damage biomolecules and cells, and can be electrically neutral, positive, or negative.

Free radicals can arise from radiation, ultraviolet light, certain drugs, and industrial solvents.

A condition where sustained hyperventilation reduces pCO2 and increases plasma pH.

Hypoxia, increased intracranial pressure, drug stimulation, high altitude, excessive ventilation, psychological factors, infections, or fever, meningitis, and heart failure are common causes.

Symptoms include hyperventilation, muscle cramps, tingling around mouth and fingers, Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs (muscle spasms), and potentially, tetany or seizures.

The body reduces plasma bicarbonate to compensate for respiratory alkalosis by decreasing renal reabsorption of bicarbonate and urinary excretion of hydrogen ions.

Complete breakdown of one glucose molecule yields 38 ATP.

Occurs in the mitochondria under aerobic conditions.

Oxidizes Acetyl CoA, producing NADH and FADH2.

Citrate is the initial product.

Red blood cells (RBCs) lack mitochondria, so the TCA cycle does not occur.

ADP is the substrate for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.

An unsaturated dicarboxylic acid intermediate in the TCA cycle.

Generated three times in the TCA cycle.

Generated when succinate becomes fumarate.1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Does not occur in red blood cells, cornea and lens.

Active when ATP demand is high.

Inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to H+, K+, and OH¯.

Associated with mitochondrial enzyme complex V (KU).

P/O ratio for oxidation of FADH2 is 2.

Site of electron transport chain (ETC) inhibited by cyanide.

Venous blood appears as red as arterial blood because oxygen consumption is blocked by cyanide.