Biochemistry: Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

<p>Because it has little chemical energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To carry pyruvate across the mitochondrial membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is oxidized, losing electrons to NAD+. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It diffuses out of the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coenzyme A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial matrix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It accepts electrons from α-ketoglutarate, becoming reduced to NADH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bond is a high-energy, unstable thioester bond. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows the molecule to easily transfer its energy to other molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Citrate synthase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Citrate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It carries the acetyl group to the reaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase of two carbon atoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the starting molecule for the cycle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Citric Acid Cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetyl CoA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial Matrix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FADH2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NADH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inner membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intermembrane space (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ubiquinone dehydrogenase complex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inner mitochondrial membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transport electrons from NADH dehydrogenase complex to cytochrome bc1 complex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It directly produces glucose from pyruvate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To drive the synthesis of ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It harnesses the energy released from electron movement to produce a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP production would decrease significantly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a catalyst for ATP synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A molecule that carries an acetyl group to the citric acid cycle.

A four-carbon molecule that combines with Acetyl CoA to form citrate.

The six-carbon product formed from the reaction of Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate.

The enzyme that facilitates the conversion of oxaloacetate and Acetyl CoA into citrate.

A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy.

A compound formed during the citric acid cycle when an unstable molecule attaches to coenzyme A.

A key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, derived from isocitrate after losing CO2.

A reduced form of NAD+, generated during oxidative reactions in the citric acid cycle.

A cofactor involved in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids and the citric acid cycle.

The process where a molecule loses CO2 and is oxidized, producing NADH in the citric acid cycle.

A group of 12 enzymes involved in transferring ubiquitin to proteins.

A product of glycolysis that enters the mitochondria; it transforms into acetyl CoA.

A protein needed for the active transport of pyruvate into mitochondria.

A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy.

A chemical reaction that involves the removal of water; occurs during the formation of acetyl CoA.

The first step of cellular respiration when pyruvate loses a carboxyl group as CO2.

A structure composed of several enzymes working together, e.g., pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

The process by which cells extract energy from nutrients.

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing small amounts of ATP and NADH.

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons to produce ATP.

The production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy.

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, linking glycolysis to the Krebs cycle.

Molecules that transport electrons and protons in the electron transport chain.

The energy available to perform work in biological systems.

Comparing energy release during explosions vs controlled ATP generation from food.

The process by which cells break down glucose to produce energy.

Produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 6 H+, and 2 FADH2 per glucose.

The removal of carbon dioxide from a compound during the Krebs Cycle.

Speeding up reactions in the Krebs cycle through enzymes.

Energy carriers produced in the Krebs Cycle, used in the Electron Transport Chain.

The step connecting glycolysis to the Krebs cycle involving the conversion of pyruvate.

Total output from one glucose: 4 ATP, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH2.

A series of proteins that transfer electrons, leading to ATP production.

1 NADH contributes to the formation of 3 ATP in the ETC.

1 FADH2 contributes to the formation of 2 ATP in the ETC.

From 10 NADH and 2 FADH2, a total of 34 ATP is produced in ETC.

The process where ATP is synthesized using the H+ gradient created by the ETC.

A difference in H+ concentration across the inner membrane, vital for ATP production.

An enzyme that uses the proton gradient to produce ATP from ADP and Pi.

ATP is produced using ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) via chemiosmosis.